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ch4 Flashcards

1
Q

perception

A

the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

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2
Q

psychophysics

A

(field of senses and perception) (how senses are translated into psychological experiences)

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3
Q

stimulus

A

any detectable input from the environment

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4
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect

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5
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

smallest amount that you can add and tell the difference between a stimulus/weight

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6
Q

weber’s law

A

the side of a JND is a constant (weber fraction) that is proportional to the size of the initial stimulus

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7
Q

scaling

A

we are used to measuring things on absolute scales ( distance in meters and specific values) but in perception everything is relative and can use scales (Fechners law)

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8
Q

Fechner’s law

A

as intensity of stimulus increases, smaller increases can be used to feel JND–> means constant increases in stimulus intensity gradually smaller and smaller increases are perceived in the magnitude of that sensation.

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

detection of stimuli involves decision and sensory processes, both are influenced by many factories other than stimulus intensity

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10
Q

subliminal perection

A

registration of sensory input without conscious awareness (when people are talking we don’t hear it bc brain doesn’t acknowledge it

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11
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation (so we can focus on the important things)

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12
Q

sounds as a stimulus

A

sound waves are vibrations of molecules that travel through a medium (like air)

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13
Q

what are sound waves characterized by?

A

amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and purity

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14
Q

frequency

A

measured in cycles per second (hertz Hz) Low F = longer waves High=shorter pitch depends on frequency

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15
Q

wavelength

A

measured in distance (nm, mm, cm ect) pitch depends on wavelength

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16
Q

amplitude

A

measured in decibels (dB) (tallness of the waves) tall=loud loudness depends on amplitude

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17
Q

purity

A

viewed as a sound envelope, (how clean are the waves) timbre depends on purity more timbre = less pure

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18
Q

three main parts of ear

A

outer (or external), middle ear, inner ear. –> sound conducted dif in each

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19
Q

how sound goes through ear

A

outer ear as sound waves, goes through middle ear w/ vibrations through little bones, goes in inner ear as liquid waves the to the cochlea

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20
Q

ear drum

A

tympanic membrane( where sound hits ear)

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21
Q

ossicles

A

stapes, incus, mallees: transmit sound waves to cochlea (middle ear)

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22
Q

oval window

A

transmits sound waves into liquid waves for the cochlea (ineer ear)

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23
Q

cochlea

A

where sound is interpreted into neurological impulses (responsible for hearing) inner ear

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24
Q

basilar membrane

A

makes up cochlea, where sensory neuorons are activated

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25
what are the two main theories of hearing/ pitch perception?
place theory and frequency theory
26
place theory
we have dif receptors in basilar membrane and the frequencies reach and hit that specific part of memb, so where it hits = pitch of sound, high-frequency pure tones rely on place coding
27
frequency theory
detects dif frequencies based on how basilar memb moves based on frequency of sound, low frequency tones appear translated into pitch w/ frequency coding
28
auditory localization
locating the source of a sound. ears being set apart helps w/ this.
29
2 ques that help with auditory localization
sound intensity (loudness) and timing of sounds arriving at each ear
30
inability to hear
1/1000 people are deaf and many have hearing deficits from genetic, disease, injury, or loud exposure
31
2 major types of deafness
conductive deafness: where somethings physically wrong w/ ear nerve deafness: ear works good but brain w/ ear bad can be noise induced or age-related
32
gustatory system
sensory system for taste, stimuli are soluble chem substances--> interpreted by taste buds (receptors)
33
possible tastes
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami
34
different kinds of tasters
non-tasters, supertasters, medium tasters. supertasters tend to prefer organic foods and are typically women
35
flavor
multiple senses come together to create flavor (taster smell and tactile sensation of the food)
36
olfactory system
sense of smell, detect chemical stimulus, receptors are olfactory cilia (little hairs in cells and trap smalls)
37
Buck & axel
clarified the mechanisms involved in odor recognition, smells aren't clearly defined (100's of them)
38
sensory adaptation
smell doesn't decrease we just get used to it
39
pheromones
chem messages that can be sent by an organism to another member (for sex and "claim your territory purpose")
40
tactile system
stimuli include: mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy (on skin), can produce cold, hot, pain. skin has at least 6 kinds sensory receptors
41
tactile localization
very accurate, nerve cells carry info from spine to brain, goes to thalamus, onto the somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
42
perceiving pain
can be influenced by expectations, personality, mood
43
gate control theory
adrenaline closes sensory gate bc we don't have time to feel pain when trying to get out of burning car, not an anatomical structure but a pattern of neural activity
44
45
endorphins and pain
endorphins and serotonin seem to modulate pain perception
46
kinesthetic system
monitors the positions of the various parts of the body
47
vestibular system
responds to gravity and lets you know your position in space, shares inner ear space w auditory system, semicircular canals make it up
48
visual system
sensory system for sight, light is stimulus, a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave
49
light waves
amplitude: affects perception of brightness wavelength: affects perception of color also varies in purity of color (bright or not)
50
how light passes through the eye
cornea (protective layer), lens (focus's light by accommodating lens), then goes to neural tissue of retina
51
iris
colored ring on eye
52
pupil
black part, regulate amount of light passing into retina
53
cones
cones=color receptor and daylight vision, concentrated in middle of retina, most concentrated at fovea (only cones) best vision spot
54
rods
black and white and night vision and peripheral vision, has blind spot on optic nerve
55
dark adaptation
where eyes get used to light levels, dark adaptation is complete in 30 min, most adaptation happens in first 10 min
56
3 properties of light that influence perception of color
wavelength--> hue amplitude--> brightness purity--> saturation
57
additive color mixing
superimposes lights, puts more light in mixture as you add more colors (make s white) (red, green, blue)
58
subtractive color mixing
removes some wavelengths of light leaving less light there (black appears) (yellow, blue, magenta)
59
trichromatic theory
eye has 3 dif types receptors w/ dif sensitivities to dif light wavelengths, which explains color blindness
60
colourblindness
dichromats: three types: red, green, or blue intensive
61
opponent processing theory
eye has 3 types receptors, each cone responsive to 2 wavelengths (like light switch) red or green, blue or yellow, black or white which explains after images
62
dual process theory
combines trichromatic and opponent process theories
63
depth perception
how far or away something is cuse can be monocular or binocular w/ 1 or 2 eyes
64
monocular depth cues
based on image in either eye and determined w/ motion parallax (motion of objects)
65
pictorial depth cues
linear perspective, texture gradients, interposition, realive size, height plane, light, and shadow
66
binocular depth cues
based on dif views from 2 eyes
67
retinal disparity
objects project images to slightly dif locations on r and l retinas
68
convergence
sense the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer objects
69
bottom-up processing
emphasizing the stimulus characteristics that are important when you recognize and object ex) 1 tree and many others make a forest
70
top down processing
see big picture 1st then pick small parts out of it, interpret sensory info according to existing knowledge and context
71
gestalt psych
cognition of vision: humans have tendencies to actively organize what they see: focus's on top-down processing
72
gestalt: figure-ground relationship
organize scenes to a central figure and a background (so one doesn't stick out as focal point, both are background)
73
gestalt: bottom up
the neurons in the visual cortex become adapted to one figure, so you're more likely to see alternative
74
Gestalt: top down
people actively try to solve the visual paradox by switching between the two reasonable solutions
75
law of similarity
things similar are grouped together
76
law of proximity
group things close together as a group
77
law of closure
fills in gaps to see full image
78
law of continuity
brain likes continuous lines
79
shape constancy
even though something has changed we know its still the same thing (face still same if changes expression)
80
size constancy
knwo that people are small bc far away not bc they're actually smaller
81
brightness constancy
colour remains same bu changes in such but knwo tis stays same
82

Psych ch4 (4 decks)

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