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BIOL 2401 > CH.4 > Flashcards

CH.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Synthesis is a term, which could be used synonymously with _______.

A

anabolism

Synthesis refers to the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones, commonly associated with anabolism.

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2
Q

Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

A

hydrolysis

Catabolism involves breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, and hydrolysis is a reaction that exemplifies this process.

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3
Q

Penicillin acts to render bacterial cells nonviable because it damages their _______.

A

cell walls

Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, leading to cell lysis.

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4
Q

Which of these is an enzyme name?

A

lipase

Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats.

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5
Q

Most reactions that produce energy in a cell utilize _______ as the main reaction type.

A

oxidation

Oxidation reactions are critical in cellular respiration for energy production.

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6
Q

Of the following, the molecule with the greatest amount of usable cell energy is _______.

A

ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells.

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7
Q

How many net ATP molecules result from glycolysis?

A

2

Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

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8
Q

The most significant function of proteins is to produce _______.

A

cell structures

Proteins play a crucial role in forming cellular structures and performing various functions.

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9
Q

A gene instructs an organism to produce a/an _______.

A

protein

Genes encode the information necessary to synthesize proteins.

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10
Q

The fundamental units found in DNA, RNA and ATP are _______.

A

nucleotides

Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.

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11
Q

The following belong together except which one?

A

thymine

Thymine is a DNA base, while uracil is found in RNA.

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12
Q

The amino acids are transported to the place where they will be assembled into proteins by _______.

A

tRNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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13
Q

Enzymes function in chemical reactions to _______.

A

lower the energy of activation needed to start the reaction

Enzymes catalyze reactions by reducing the activation energy required.

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14
Q

Most of the readily-available energy stored in ATP is stored during the _______.

A

decomposition of ATP to ADP

The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy used by the cell.

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15
Q

The first several steps of glycolysis are considered the energy-investment steps because _______.

A

energy within glucose is expended to start the pathway

These steps require energy input to initiate the glycolytic pathway.

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16
Q

The acetyl group is transported to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) by what carrier?

A

coenzyme A

Coenzyme A is essential for transporting acetyl groups into the Krebs cycle.

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17
Q

What occurs during the citric acid cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are released, and two molecules of ATP form.

The Krebs cycle generates ATP and releases CO2 as a waste product.

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18
Q

Which molecule represents the storage form of glucose in the liver?

A

glycogen

Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in animals.

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19
Q

A _______ bond is formed when an amino group of one amino acid joins the acid group of another.

A

peptide

Peptide bonds link amino acids together in proteins.

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20
Q

A protein with many amino acids is called a _______.

A

polypeptide

Polypeptides are long chains of amino acids that fold into functional proteins.

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21
Q

The chemical process of _______ is involved in the digestion of a compound such as a disaccharide.

A

hydrolysis

Hydrolysis breaks down larger molecules by adding water.

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22
Q

The molecule that is acted upon by an enzyme is a _______.

A

substrate

Substrates are the reactants that enzymes act upon.

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23
Q

The _______ will decompose hydrogen peroxide.

A

enzyme catalase

Catalase catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

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24
Q

Which of the following will catalyze the breakdown of starches?

A

amylase

Amylase is the enzyme responsible for starch digestion.

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25
The substrate for lipase would be _______.
fats ## Footnote Lipase specifically targets lipid substrates for hydrolysis.
26
The following terms belong together except which one?
mineral ## Footnote Minerals are inorganic elements, while enzymes and vitamins are organic compounds.
27
What are the most common coenzyme molecules used to activate an enzyme?
vitamins ## Footnote Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins.
28
The following factors will decrease the function of most enzymes except which one?
pH of 7.4 ## Footnote A neutral pH of 7.4 is typically optimal for enzyme activity.
29
Energy metabolism is an expression that can be used to mean the same as _______.
cellular respiration ## Footnote Cellular respiration encompasses all metabolic processes that produce energy.
30
Respiration yields _______ as a gaseous waste product.
carbon dioxide ## Footnote CO2 is produced during aerobic respiration as a byproduct.
31
Which part of ATP contains the most energy?
third phosphate bond ## Footnote The high-energy bond between the last two phosphates is where most energy is stored.
32
Carbohydrates in the diet are changed into glucose by a process of _______.
hydrolysis ## Footnote Hydrolysis breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars like glucose.
33
The following are true of glycolysis except which statement?
requires oxygen ## Footnote Glycolysis is an anaerobic process and does not require oxygen.
34
Before entering the Kreb cycle, pyruvic acid must be converted to a/an _______ molecule.
acetyl coenzyme A ## Footnote Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle.
35
The following are end products of the Kreb cycle except which one?
citric acid ## Footnote Citric acid is a reactant in the Krebs cycle, not an end product.
36
Which of these is the last to be produced in glycolysis?
phosphoenolpyruvic acid ## Footnote Phosphoenolpyruvic acid is one of the final intermediates produced before pyruvic acid.
37
In the Kreb cycle, the acetyl coenzyme A combines with _______ to form citric acid.
oxaloacetic acid ## Footnote Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.
38
Which vitamin is essential to the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?
pantothenic acid ## Footnote Pantothenic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of coenzyme A.
39
The following are true of NAD and FAD except which statement?
are in the Kreb cycle ## Footnote While NAD and FAD are involved in cellular respiration, they are not enzymes specific to the Krebs cycle.
40
In the cytochrome oxidase system, the final acceptor of a pair of electrons is _______.
oxygen ## Footnote Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
41
What is oxidized during oxidative phosphorylation?
glucose ## Footnote Glucose is oxidized to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.
42
Excess glucose or its end products can be stored as _______ if they are not completely oxidized.
glycogen ## Footnote Glycogen serves as a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles.
43
The presence of _______ is an indication that glucose has been completely oxidized.
carbon dioxide ## Footnote CO2 is a byproduct of complete glucose oxidation.
44
The most common form of a lipid that is used or burned for energy is called a _______.
triglyceride ## Footnote Triglycerides are the primary form of stored fats in the body.
45
The most heat generating organ in the body probably is the _______.
liver ## Footnote The liver is metabolically active and generates significant heat during various biochemical processes.
46
Glycerol can enter the Kreb cycle if it is converted to _______.
acetyl coenzyme A ## Footnote Glycerol can be converted to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.
47
The potentially harmful chemicals resulting from lipid metabolism are the _______.
ketones ## Footnote Ketones can accumulate in the blood during excessive fat metabolism, leading to ketoacidosis.
48
Ketones are molecules that result from _______ metabolism.
fat ## Footnote Ketones are produced during the metabolism of fats, particularly when glucose is scarce.
49
Which molecule contains the genetic code?
DNA ## Footnote DNA carries the genetic blueprint for an organism.
50
The double helix structure is part of the _______ molecule.
DNA ## Footnote The double helix is a characteristic feature of DNA structure.
51
One strand of DNA is connected to the other by the _______.
nitrogen bases ## Footnote Nitrogenous bases pair through hydrogen bonds between the two strands of DNA.
52
The following are DNA bases except which one?
uracil ## Footnote Uracil is a base found in RNA, not DNA.
53
The base thymine can pair with the base _______.
adenine ## Footnote Thymine pairs with adenine in DNA through complementary base pairing.
54
The genetic code is transferred from DNA to _______.
mRNA ## Footnote Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from DNA during transcription.
55
What is a complimentary mRNA sequence for DNA A,T,C,C,G?
UAGGC ## Footnote The mRNA sequence is complementary to the DNA template during transcription.
56
A genetic code is a sequence of _______.
three bases ## Footnote Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that specify an amino acid.
57
A set of nucleotides called the _______ in RNA recognizes the nucleotide genetic codes of DNA.
anti-codon ## Footnote Anti-codons are on tRNA and pair with codons on mRNA during translation.
58
What is the anticodon for DNA base sequence ATG?
UAC ## Footnote The anticodon UAC pairs with the mRNA codon AUG during translation.
59
Which statement is NOT true about catabolic processes?
Dehydration synthesis is involved in catabolic processes. ## Footnote Catabolic processes involve breaking down molecules, while dehydration synthesis builds them.
60
Metabolic pathways are regulated by a(n) _______ enzyme, which is also often the first enzyme in a series.
rate-limiting ## Footnote Rate-limiting enzymes control the speed of metabolic pathways.
61
A genetic mutation refers to _______.
a missing or altered nucleotide base or a missing gene ## Footnote Mutations can result from various factors and can affect gene function.
62
Which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction?
hydrolysis of proteins ## Footnote Hydrolysis breaks down proteins into amino acids, exemplifying catabolism.
63
If sufficient oxygen within a cell were available, what would be the end product of glycolysis?
pyruvic acid ## Footnote With oxygen, glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which can enter the Krebs cycle.
64
What are the direct end products of the Citric Acid Cycle?
carbon dioxide and ATP ## Footnote The Krebs cycle produces ATP and releases CO2 as waste.
65
What are the final end products of the electron transport chain?
ATP and water ## Footnote The electron transport chain produces ATP and water as final products.
66
The first step in the utilization of amino acids for energy is _______ which occurs in the liver.
deamination ## Footnote Deamination removes the amino group from amino acids for energy metabolism.
67
Genes are functional regions found within molecules of _______.
deoxyribonucleic acid ## Footnote DNA contains the genes that direct cellular functions.
68
The production of mRNA from a DNA template is termed _______.
transcription ## Footnote Transcription is the process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA strand.
69
The base sequence termed the anticodon is found on molecules of _______.
tRNA ## Footnote Anticodons on tRNA help translate mRNA codons into amino acids.
70
Most enzymes are derived from some type of protein.
True ## Footnote Enzymes are typically proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.
71
Enzymes are catalysts that alter chemical reaction rates by chemically combining with the substrate.
True ## Footnote Enzymes bind to substrates to lower activation energy and speed up reactions.
72
During the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme combines with what are termed the specific active sites on the substrate.
True ## Footnote The active site of an enzyme is where substrate binding occurs.
73
Humans normally synthesize the proteins and vitamins that are the essential components of enzymes.
False ## Footnote While proteins are synthesized, vitamins must be obtained from the diet.
74
All biochemical reactions must have some source of energy.
True ## Footnote Energy is required to drive all biochemical processes in living organisms.
75
Most of the energy in human cells is derived from reactions that require oxygen.
True ## Footnote Aerobic respiration is the primary source of energy in human cells.
76
Oxygen will increase the rate of glycolysis.
False ## Footnote Glycolysis can occur without oxygen; its rate is not directly increased by oxygen.
77
Carbohydrates could travel down catabolic pathways and result in energy, or anabolic pathways and be stored as glycogen or lipid.
True ## Footnote Carbohydrates can be metabolized for energy or stored as glycogen or fat.
78
Some of the reactions within a mitochondrion do not require oxygen in order to proceed.
True ## Footnote Certain reactions, like those in the Krebs cycle, can occur without oxygen.
79
During glycolysis, glucose becomes bound to phosphate in a process called phosphorylation.
True ## Footnote Phosphorylation is a key step in glycolysis that activates glucose.
80
Glucose is converted to fructose in the beginning of glycolysis.
False ## Footnote Glycolysis begins with glucose and does not convert it to fructose.
81
Cytochrome oxidase refers to a group of Kreb cycle enzymes.
False ## Footnote Cytochrome oxidase is part of the electron transport chain, not the Krebs cycle.
82
It is possible that one could produce body fat from eating excess carbohydrates.
True ## Footnote Excess carbohydrates can be converted to fat for storage.
83
There are about 20 amino acids that are considered to be essential and must be obtained from the diet.
True ## Footnote Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be ingested.
84
The direction that metabolic pathways take is directly controlled by the amount of substrate available.
True ## Footnote Substrate availability influences the flow of metabolic pathways.
85
The synthesis of mRNA from DNA is called transcription.
True ## Footnote Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from a DNA template.
86
The synthesis of proteins occurs during the transcription stage of RNA.
False ## Footnote Protein synthesis occurs during translation, not transcription.
87
The addition of oxygen to a cell during glycolysis will increase the amount of ATP produced by this metabolic pathway.
False ## Footnote Glycolysis itself does not increase ATP production in the presence of oxygen.
88
Most of the ATP energy in the metabolism of glucose is derived from the Kreb's cycle (TCA; Citric Acid Cycle.)
False ## Footnote Most ATP is generated during oxidative phosphorylation, not directly from the Krebs cycle.
89
A metabolic pathway consists of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to the formation of a product.
True ## Footnote Metabolic pathways are sequences of reactions catalyzed by enzymes to produce specific products.
90
The nucleus contains the genes necessary for most of the cell functions.
True ## Footnote The nucleus houses DNA, which contains the genetic instructions for cellular activities.
91
Any change in a DNA sequence is called a mutation and may happen for a number of reasons.
True ## Footnote Mutations can occur spontaneously or due to environmental factors.
92
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.
True ## Footnote Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm.
93
An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and five phosphates.
False ## Footnote An ATP molecule consists of one adenine, one ribose, and three phosphates.

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