Ch4 Routing Concepts Flashcards by Denzil Bennett

IPv6 Loopback Address

::1/128

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Data Communications Equipment

DCE
Side of serial cable that sends /sets clock rate
Usually Female

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Data Terminal Equipment

DTE
Side of Serial Cable that receives the clock rate
Usually Male

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Network Characteristics (7)

Topology
Speed
Cost
Availability
Security
Scalability
Reliability

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Router Memory Types

RAM; volatile; system memory runs IOS running config
ROM: non-volatile; bootstrap
NVRAM: non-volatile; startup-config files
Flash: non-volatile: IOS and other system files

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Packet Forwarding Mechanisms

Process Switching
Fast Switching
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)

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Process Switching

Matches destination address with routing table and determines exit interface; slowest because process is done for every packet incoming.

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Fast Switching

Uses fast switch cache to store next-hop information; if packet has no known destination then it is process switched then later packets to same destination are fast-switched

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Cisco Express Forwarding

CEF;Cisco proprietary version of fast switching using Forwarding Information Base(FIB) and adjacency table; not packet triggered but change triggered; fastest
FIB contains pre-computed reverse lookups, next hop router info, and layer 2 information

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Information Needed for Router Set-Up

IP Address
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway

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Configure Switch for IP Address

interface _interface_id
ip address _ip_address subnet_mask
no shutdown
exit
id default-gateway _ip_address

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Procedure for Securing Router Management

enable secret _password
line console 0
password 
login
exit
line vty 0 4
password _password
login
exit
service password-encryption

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Setting Banner Procedure

banner motd $ Message $ ; $= delimiting character which is any character not in message.

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Configuring IPv4 Interface on Router

interface _interface_id 
description _240_char_max_description
ip address _ip_address subnet_mask 
clock rate _value_ :sets on DCE side of Serial Cbl
no shutdown

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Configuring IPv4 Loopback Interface

interface loopback Lo _value
ip address _ip_address subnet_mask
exit

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show ip interface brief

displays summary of interfaces with IP address and operational status

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show ip route

displays contents of IPv4 routing table in RAM
C : direct connection
L : local connection

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show running-config interface

displays configured commands on specific interface.

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show interfaces

shows interface information and packet flow count for all interfaces on device

show ip interfaces

displays all IPv4 related info. for all interfaces on router

terminal length

specifies the number of lines to be displayed before -More- prompt; value of 0 means no pauses

Show Filters

section
include
exclude
begin

show history

cmd that will display last 10 lines of commands (default) within a specific level

terminal history size

cmd that modifies history command buffer size by a specific number of lines

3 Major Steps of Routing

1. De-encapsulate layer 2 frame header and trailer to expose Layer 3 packet 2. Examines destination IP address of packet to find best path in routing table 3. Re-encapsulates Layer 3 packet into new Layer 2 frame and forwards frame out exit interface

3 Path Determinations of Routers

1. Directly Connected Network 2. Remote Network 3. No Route Determined: packet dropped with no gateway of last resort present.

Dynamic Routing Protocols

1. Routing Information Protocol (RIP): hop count metric 2. Open Shortest Path First (OPSF) : based on cumulative bandwidth from source to dest. 3. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Uses bandwidth,delay,load, and reliability to determine best path.

Equal Cost Load Balancing

using multiple paths with equal cost metrics by sending equal amounts of packets over the paths to reach the destination

Administrative Distance(AD)

the “trustworthiness” of a route; the lower the value the more “trustworthy” the site

Connected AD

Static AD

EIGRP Summary Route AD

External BGP AD

Border Gateway Protocol: 20

Internal EIGRP AD

IGRP AD

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol: 100

OSPF AD

Open Shortest Path First: 110

IS-IS AD

Intermediate System to Intermediate System: 115

RIP AD

Routing Information Protocol: 120

External EIGRP

170

Internal BGP

Border Gateway Protocol: 200

Routing Table Codes

``` L : Identifies address assigned to router interface C: Directly Connected Network S: Static route D: network learned from EIGRP O: network learned from OSPF ```

Remote Network Entry Identifiers

Route_Source Dest_Network [Admin. Distance/Metric] via Next-hop_Ip Route_Timestamp Outgoing_interface

Directly Connected Network Entry Identifiers

Route_Source Destination_Network Outgoing_Interface

Benefits of Static Routes

1. Improved Security | 2. Resource Efficiency

Command to set static route

ip route _ip_address subnet_mask {next_hop_ip | exit_interface}

Command to set default static route

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {next_hop_ip | exit_interface}

router ? (command)

global config command used to display which IPv4 protocols a router is capable of using