CH.4 Upper Limb

Question 1

What are the four main groups of bones in the upper limb?

Answer 1

1. Hand and wrist
2. Forearm
3. Arm (humerus)
4. Shoulder girdle

Question 2

How many bones are there in each hand and wrist?

Answer 2

27 bones

Question 3

What are the three groups of bones in the hand and wrist?

Answer 3

1. Phalanges
2. Metacarpals
3. Carpals

Question 4

How many phalanges are in each hand?

Answer 4

14 phalanges

Question 5

How many metacarpals are in each hand?

Answer 5

5 metacarpals

Question 6

How many carpals are in each wrist?

Answer 6

8 carpals

Question 7

What is the singular form of phalanges?

Answer 7

Phalanx

Question 8

What constitutes the digits?

Answer 8

Fingers and thumb

Question 9

How many phalanges does each finger have?

Answer 9

3 phalanges

Question 10

How many phalanges does the thumb have?

Answer 10

2 phalanges

Question 11

What are the parts of each phalanx?

Answer 11

1. Distal rounded head
2. Body (shaft)
3. Expanded base

Question 12

What do the metacarpals make up in the hand?

Answer 12

The palm

Question 13

How are the metacarpals numbered?

Answer 13

The same way as the digits, starting with the thumb as 1

Question 14

What are the three parts of each metacarpal?

Answer 14

1. Head
2. Body (shaft)
3. Base

Question 15

What is the shape of the anterior part of the metacarpal body?

Answer 15

Concave

Question 16

What is the shape of the posterior part of the metacarpal body?

Answer 16

Convex

Question 17

The base of each metacarpal articulates with which bones?

Answer 17

Associated carpals

Question 18

What is the significance of the joints of the hand in radiology?

Answer 18

Small chip fractures may occur near the joint spaces

Accurate identification of all joints of the phalanges and metacarpals is essential for radiographic assessment.

Question 18

What are the two phalanges of the thumb called?

Answer 18

Proximal phalanx and distal phalanx

The joint between the two phalanges is the interphalangeal (IP) joint.

Question 18

What is the name of the joint between the first metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the thumb?

Answer 18

First metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint

The naming convention follows the proximal bone first, then the distal bone.

Question 19

For radiographic purposes, what must be included in a radiograph of the thumb?

Answer 19

The entire first metacarpal from the distal phalanx to the base

This differs from the fingers, which only include three phalanges.

Question 20

How many phalanges does each of the second through fifth digits have?

Answer 20

Three phalanges each

These digits have three joints: DIP, PIP, and MCP.

Question 21

What are the names of the joints in the second through fifth digits starting from the most distal portion?

Answer 21

Distal interphalangeal (DIP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

Each digit has these three joints.

Question 22

What are the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints?

Answer 22

Joints where metacarpals articulate with phalanges at their distal ends

They are critical for finger movements.

Question 23

What are the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints?

Answer 23

Joints where metacarpals articulate with carpals at their proximal ends ## Footnote These joints allow for wrist and hand movements.

Question 24

Which carpal does the first metacarpal articulate with?

Answer 24

Trapezium ## Footnote This articulation is important for thumb movement.

Question 25

Which carpal does the second metacarpal articulate with?

Answer 25

Trapezoid ## Footnote This joint contributes to the dexterity of the index finger.

Question 26

Which carpal does the third metacarpal articulate with?

Answer 26

Capitate ## Footnote This joint is crucial for the stability of the middle finger.

Question 27

Which carpals do the fourth and fifth metacarpals articulate with?

Answer 27

Hamate ## Footnote This articulation supports the ring and little fingers.

Question 28

What are the carpals?

Answer 28

The bones of the wrist, consisting of eight bones divided into two rows of four each.

Question 29

What is the first carpal bone in the proximal row?

Answer 29

Scaphoid ## Footnote Sometimes referred to as the navicular.

Question 30

What is significant about the scaphoid?

Answer 30

It is the largest bone in the proximal row and the most frequently fractured carpal bone.

Question 31

What shape is the lunate, and what is its role?

Answer 31

Moon-shaped; it articulates with the radius.

Question 32

What distinguishes the triquetrum from other carpals?

Answer 32

It has three articular surfaces and a pyramidal shape.

Question 33

Which carpal bone is the smallest?

Answer 33

Pisiform ## Footnote It is located anterior to the triquetrum.

Question 34

What is the first carpal bone in the distal row?

Answer 34

Trapezium.

Question 35

What characterizes the trapezium?

Answer 35

A four-sided, irregularly shaped bone located medial and distal to the scaphoid.

Question 36

What is the smallest bone in the distal row of carpals?

Answer 36

Trapezoid.

Question 37

Which carpal bone is the largest?

Answer 37

Capitate.

Question 38

What feature distinguishes the hamate?

Answer 38

The hooklike process called the hamulus.

Question 39

What is the carpal sulcus?

Answer 39

A concave area or groove formed by the anterior aspect of the carpals through which major nerves and tendons pass.

Question 40

What does the term 'hamate' mean?

Answer 40

Hooked.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The scaphoid articulates with the _______ proximally.

Answer 41

Radius.

Question 42

True or False: The pisiform is located posterior to the triquetrum.

Answer 42

False.

Question 43

What is the shape of the scaphoid?

Answer 43

Boat-shaped.

Question 44

What are the two rows of carpals?

Answer 44

Proximal row and distal row.

Question 45

What are the two bones that make up the forearm?

Answer 45

Radius and Ulna ## Footnote The radius is on the lateral side (thumb side) and the ulna is on the medial side.

Question 46

What joints allow for the rotational movement of the wrist and hand?

Answer 46

Proximal radioulnar joint and Distal radioulnar joint ## Footnote These joints articulate between the radius and ulna.

Question 47

Where are the styloid processes located?

Answer 47

At the extreme distal ends of both the radius and ulna ## Footnote The radial styloid process is on the thumb side.

Question 48

Which styloid process extends more distally?

Answer 48

Radial styloid process ## Footnote It can be palpated on the thumb side of the wrist joint.

Question 49

What is the ulnar notch?

Answer 49

A small depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius ## Footnote It allows the head of the ulna to fit into it, forming the distal radioulnar joint.

Question 50

Where is the head of the ulna located?

Answer 50

Near the wrist at the distal end of the ulna ## Footnote It is easily felt and seen on the little finger side of the distal forearm.

Question 51

What is located at the proximal end of the radius?

Answer 51

The head of the radius ## Footnote It is near the elbow joint.

Question 52

What is the body of the radius and ulna referred to as?

Answer 52

Shaft ## Footnote This refers to the long midportion of both bones.

Question 53

Which bone is shorter and directly involved in the wrist joint?

Answer 53

Radius ## Footnote The radius rotates around the more stationary ulna during pronation.

Question 54

What are the two processes of the proximal ulna called?

Answer 54

Olecranon and Coronoid processes ## Footnote The olecranon can be palpated on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint.

Question 55

What is the trochlear notch?

Answer 55

A large concave depression that articulates with the distal humerus ## Footnote It is also known as the semilunar notch.

Question 56

What is the radial notch?

Answer 56

A small, shallow depression located on the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna ## Footnote It articulates with the head of the radius, forming the proximal radioulnar joint.

Question 57

During pronation, what happens to the radius?

Answer 57

The radius crosses over the ulna near the upper third of the forearm ## Footnote This movement occurs at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints.

Question 58

True or False: The ulna is the shorter bone of the forearm.

Answer 58

False ## Footnote The ulna is the longer of the two bones.

Question 59

Fill in the blank: The rough oval process on the medial and anterior side of the radius, just distal to the neck, is called the _______.

Answer 59

Radial tuberosity ## Footnote This structure is important for muscle attachment.

Question 60

What is the anatomical term for the long center section of the humerus?

Answer 60

Body (shaft) of the humerus

Question 61

What is the expanded distal end of the humerus called?

Answer 61

Humeral condyle

Question 62

What are the two parts of the articular portion of the humeral condyle?

Answer 62

* Trochlea (medial condyle) * Capitulum (lateral condyle)

Question 63

What does the term 'trochlea' mean?

Answer 63

Pulley

Question 64

Describe the shape and features of the trochlea.

Answer 64

Shaped like a pulley or spool with two rimlike outer margins and a smooth depressed center called the trochlear sulcus

Question 65

Where is the trochlea located and with which bone does it articulate?

Answer 65

Located more medially and articulates with the ulna

Question 66

What does the term 'capitulum' mean?

Answer 66

Little head

Question 67

What does the capitulum articulate with?

Answer 67

Head of the radius

Question 68

What is the difference in size between the articular surfaces of the capitulum and the trochlea?

Answer 68

The capitulum is slightly smaller than the trochlea

Question 69

What are the two epicondyles of the distal humerus?

Answer 69

* Lateral epicondyle * Medial epicondyle

Question 70

Which epicondyle is larger and more prominent?

Answer 70

Medial epicondyle

Question 71

What are the names of the two shallow anterior depressions on the distal humerus?

Answer 71

* Coronoid fossa * Radial fossa

Question 72

What is the deep posterior depression of the distal humerus called?

Answer 72

Olecranon fossa

Question 73

What fits into the olecranon fossa when the arm is fully extended?

Answer 73

Olecranon process of the ulna

Question 74

What are the three concentric arcs used to evaluate a true lateral position of the elbow?

Answer 74

* Trochlear sulcus * Outer ridges of the capitulum and trochlea * Trochlear notch of the ulna

Question 75

True or False: A good criterion for a true lateral elbow position is the appearance of three concentric arcs.

Answer 75

True

Question 76

What happens to the arcs if the elbow is rotated slightly from a true lateral position?

Answer 76

The arcs do not appear symmetrically aligned and the elbow joint space is not as open