Ch40 and 43 Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
the biological form
2
Q
physiology
A
biological function
3
Q
physical laws
A
restrain evolution
4
Q
fusiform
A
shape that is tapered on both ends
5
Q
cells must exchange with
A
their environment
6
Q
interstitial fluids
A
fluid between cells
7
Q
main exchange surfaces in humans
A
the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems
8
Q
tissue
A
a group of cells with a similar appearance and common function
9
Q
organs
A
functional units of tissues
10
Q
organ system
A
group of organs which function together
11
Q
4 main types of animal tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
12
Q
digestive
A
food processing
13
Q
circulatory
A
internal distribution of materials
14
Q
respiratory
A
gas exchange
15
Q
immune and lymphatic
A
body defence
16
Q
excretory
A
disposal of waste and osmotic regulation
17
Q
endocrine
A
coordination of bodily activities
18
Q
reproductive
A
reproduction
19
Q
nervous
A
coordination of activities and stimuli detection and formulation of response
20
Q
integumentary
A
protection and thermoregulation
21
Q
skeletal
A
support, protection, movement
22
Q
muscular
A
locomotion and movement
23
Q
epithelial tissues or epithelia
A
cover outside of body and line organs and cavities inside the body; protect
24
Q
cuboid epithelium
A
looks like a tunnel made of dice shaped cells
25
simple columnar epithelium
large brick shaped cells; looks like sea weed kinda
26
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of plate like cells
27
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells varying in height like seaweed with varying heights
28
stratified squamous epithelium
mulitlayered and regenerates fast, looks like a pile of horizontal cells
29
polarity of epithelia
apical side face the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ, basal is on the other side attached to basal lamina
30
connective tissue and fibroblasts
sparse populations of cells scattered in the intracellular membrane; fibroblasts which secret fiber proteins and macrophages
31
loose connective tissue
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
32
fibrous connective tissue
tendons and ligaments
33
bone
made of osteon
34
adipose tissue
stores fat in adipose
35
blood
platlet, plasma, red and white blood cells
36
cartillage
collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate
37
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal,smooth and cardiac
38
skeletal muscle
voluntary movement
39
smooth muscle
most involuntary muscles
40
cardiac muscle
contractile wall of the heart
41
glia
help support and nourish nerve cells part if nervous
42
parts of neuron
think tree: axon:root, cell body:trunk, dendrite: branches
43
hormones
signalling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system
44
regulator
an animal that uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
45
conformer
internal conditions changes in accordance with external conditions in variable
46
homeostasis
maintenance of internal balance
47
set point
maintaining a variable at or near a particular value
48
stimulus
fluctuations in the variable above or below the set value
49
sensor
what detects the stimulus
50
response
a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
51
negative feedback
a control system that damps or reduces the stimulus
52
positive feedback
a control system that amplifies stimulus
53
circadian rythym
a set of psychological changes that occur every 24 hours
54
acclimatization
the gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment
55
thermoregulation
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
56
endothermic
warmed by metabolic heat
57
ectothermic
warmed by external sources
58
countercurrent exchange
the transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
59
hypothalamus
where thermoregulation is centered
60
bioenergetics
the overall flow of energy in an animal
61
metabolic rate
the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
62
basal metabolic rate
nongrowing endotherm,at rest, not under stress, with an empty stomach
63
standard metabolic rate
fasting, ectotherm at rest at a particular rate
64
torpor
a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
65
hibernation
long term torpor
66
innate immunity
automatic immunity
67
adaptive immunity
specialized learned immunity
68
lysozyme
found in insect intestines and breaks down cell walls
69
phagocytosis
cellular ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign objects
70
Toll-like receptor
binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens
71
2 main types of phagocytic cells and 2 other
neutrophils and macrophages,eosinophils and dendrites
72
macrophages
larger and wander
73
neutrophils
in the blood and attracted by signals from infected tissues
74
dendritic cells
stimulate adaptive immunity and live in tissues that contact the environment
75
eosinophils
fight multicellulars
76
natural killer cells
releases things to kill threats
77
interferons
interfere with viral infections
78
complement system
30 microbe bursting proteins in the blood stream
79
inflammatory response
the changes brought about by signalling molecules released upon injury or infection
80
mast cells
histamine is stored in this cell's granule
81
cytokines
enhance immune response
82
lymphoctes
natural killer, B and T cells
83
B cell
in the bone
84
T cell
in the thymus
85
antigen
gets response from B or T, binds via antigen receptor protein on the small accessible part called the epitope
86
describe B antigen receptor
y shaped with two heavy and two light chains
87
antibody or immunoglobin
protein secreted by B
88
MHC
HOST PROTEIN THAT DISPLAYS ANTIGENS, leads to antigen presentation
89
effector cells
short lived, clone cells meant to fight immediatly via clonal selection
90
memory cells
long lived clones meant to remember via clonal selection
91
primary and secondary response
immediate and long term repsonses
92
cell-mediated immune response
T cells kill infected host cells
93
humoral immune response
antibodies fight in the blood and lymph
94
active immunity
acquired by organism
95
passive immunity
given by mother
