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psych 4 > ch4.2 > Flashcards

ch4.2 Flashcards

1
Q

sex linked inheritance

A
  • Characteristics associated with genes on sex chromosomes
  • Most on X chromosome
  • Making males more susceptible to recessive X-linked traits
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2
Q

Characteristics influenced by many pairs of alleles

A

polygenetic inheritance

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3
Q

polygenetic examples

A

intelligence, hieght, skin and eye colour

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4
Q

epigenenesis

A

The environment, well it influences what, how and when genes
are expressed during our lifespan

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5
Q

the three periods of conception to birth

A
  • Germinal period or the period of the zygote
  • Period of the embryo
  • Period of the fetus
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6
Q

germinal period or the period of the zygote

A

From conception to implantation in uterine wall
* About 2 weeks

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7
Q

period of the embryo

A

wk 3-8

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8
Q

period of the fetus

A

wk 9 to birth

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9
Q

development of support systems and what areh the support strutcures

A

Support structures
develop once
implantation has
occurred.
* Amnion
* Chorion
* Placenta
* Umbilical cord

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10
Q

what happens week 3-8

A

cell layers form rapidly
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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11
Q

ectoderm

A

Will become nervous system, skin, hai

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12
Q

mesoderm

A

Will become muscles, bones, circulatory system

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13
Q

endoderm

A

Will become digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, other vital
organs

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14
Q

what happens in the second month of embryo formation

A
  • Ears are formed
  • Rudimentary skeleton
  • Limbs develop
  • Brain develops rapidly
  • Indifferent gonad appears
  • About 2.5 cm long and 7 g
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15
Q

what happens during the fetal stage

A

9-38 weeks of rapid growth
* Immature organ system and structures grow and develop
* Massive brain development in last 3 months

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16
Q

what happens i nthe third month

A
  • Able to kick, twist, but not felt by mother
  • Can swallow, digest, urinate
  • Testosterone secreted by testes of males
  • Ultrasound can detect sex
  • 7.5 cm long and under 28 g
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17
Q

what happens in months 4-6/ second trimester

A
  • More refined motor actions (e.g., thumb-sucking)
  • Kicking may be felt by mother
  • Heartbeat can be heard with stethoscope
  • Eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp hair appear
  • Covered with vernix
  • Covered with lanugo
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18
Q

what is vernix

A

white cheesy covering to prevent chapped skin

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19
Q

what is lanugo

A

fine layer of body hair

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20
Q

what happens in the third trimester

A
  • The “finishing phase”
  • Organ systems mature
  • Weight gain
  • Miscarriage: spontaneous discharge of the fetus from the uterus before it is
    able to function on its own
  • Age of viability at 22 to 28 weeks
  • Survival outside uterus possible
  • Moves to head-down position in ninth month
  • 48 to 53 cm long and 3.2 to 3.6 kg
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21
Q

teratogens

A

any substance, including some diseases, that
causes damage during the prenatal period

22
Q

how does nicotine affect fetal growth

A

linked to miscarriage, low-birth weight, craniofacial
abnormalities, attentional problems

23
Q

when is the developing organism vulnerable

A

During the prenatal period, especially prior to 9
weeks

enviromental factos affect the prenatal developemnt

24
Q

what enviromental influences affect prenatal development

A
  • Teratogens
  • Environmental agents such as viruses, drugs, chemicals,
    radiation that can harm developing fetus
  • Environmental hazards
  • Maternal characteristics
  • Nutrition, emotional well-being, age
25
Q

parts closer to the center of the body grow and
develop sooner

A

proximodistal

26
Q

from head to foot

A

cephalocaudal

27
Q

what happens to synapses in infancy and childhood

A
  • Massive propagation of synapses
  • Synaptic Pruning
  • Myelination
28
Q

infancy and childhood senses

A
  • Touch, smell, and taste are highly developed at birth
  • Others, like vision and hearing, are less developed
  • Hearing develops rapidly in the days following birth
  • Vision develops last
  • Visual acuity ranges from 20/400 – 20-600. Reaches 20/20 by 6 yrs
  • Poor colour discrimination until 3 mos
29
Q

rooting

A

touch the corner of infants cheeck

he turns towards the stimulation and begins to suck

to help infant begin feeding

30
Q

frasping

A

press finger against infants palm

infant grapss finger and holds on

allows infant to hold onto caregiver for safety

31
Q

moro

A

when infant is lying on blanket, slap blanet shaprly on other side of head to startle infant

infant flings arms outwards and then inwards in a hugging motion

may help infant to hold onto caregiver when support is lost

32
Q

babinski

A

stroke sole of infants foot

toes spread apart

unkown function

33
Q

motor skills achieved at 2 months

A

chin lift and roll over

34
Q

motor skills achieved at 7 months

A

sit alone and crawl

35
Q

motor skills achieved at 8 months

A

stand holding furniture

36
Q

motor skill achieved at 11 months

A

stand and walk alone (11 omnths 3 wks)

37
Q

motor skill achieved at 17 months

A

walks up steps

38
Q

early childhood body growth and what happens

A
  • Grow 5-7 cm/yr
  • Master motor and physical control
39
Q

middle childhood what happens

A
  • Jump in coordination and skill
  • Beginnings of distinctions between sexes
40
Q

piagets thoery

A

cognitive development

began as naturalistic observations of kids (theorized kids think different to us)
varied tasks to see how kids repsond

41
Q

cognitive development

A

changes in thinking that occur
over time

42
Q

schemes

A

All people have a mental framework for understanding and
thinking about the world

43
Q

organization

A

the process by which children combine existing
schemes into new and more complex intellectual schemes

44
Q

adaptation

A

an inborn tendency to adjust to the demands of the
environment.

45
Q

assimilation

A

include the new
information into the existing scheme

46
Q

accomodation

A

cannot include it
because it’s too different from the
existing scheme, so we alter the scheme
or create a new one

47
Q

equilibrium

A

engaging in assimilation
and accommodation, we achieve
balance

48
Q

What children learn and understand
depends heavily on what they already
know

A

assimilation

49
Q

Kids reach a point where their current
theory seems to be wrong, so they
change it

A

accomodation

50
Q

what are piagets four stages of cognitive developemtn

A

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

51
Q
A

psych 4 (14 decks)

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