ch4.3 Flashcards
sensorimotor
0-2ys): think about what they can sense
* Early learning based on reflexes which contribute to early
schemes
* A major cognitive milestone is object permanence
* Develops around 8 mos.
* Objects continue to exist even when out of sight
* Mental representations are now being formed
* Now, schemes encompass ideas and representations
* Sill makes A-not-B error
preoperational stage
(2-7yrs): begin to develop ideas of objects in the
external world and the ability to work with them in their mind –
Symbolic function.
* A major milestone is pretend/symbolic play
* Limitation is irreversibility due to egocentrism
* You have a brother, but your brother doesn’t have a brother
* Flaws in reason due to lack of perspective-taking
* Lack of conservation, that is, something can be the same despite a change
in appearance.
* Confusion between appearance and reality
concrete operational
(7-11): able to talk about
complex relationship, categorization, cause and
effect, but limits to the real-world
* Operations: ability to hold an idea in mind and
manipulate it mentally
* Difficulty with abstract ideas and hypotheticals
formal operational stage
(~11- onwards): achieve
hypothetical deductive reasoning and think abstractly
* Can systematically test variables
* Evaluate logic statements
1. All dogs can fly
2. Your dog Rex can fly
* If statement one is true is statement two also true?
why was piaget critisized
for evaluating limitations
* Today, information-processing theory focuses
on what children can do
alternate approach to test object permanence
violation of expectation
- Habituation: stop responding to a stimulus
after repeated exposure - Dishabituation: Looking time increases
when new stimulus is presented
challenges to the age of perspective taking via the ____ what kind of tasks are there here
thoery of the mind
Awareness of one’s
own mental states
and the mental
states of others
false belief tasks: will a kid realize if someone should or shouldnt know something that they know? crayon box
what did piaget fail to do
- Failed to use appropriate tasks
- Language-based tasks for a population that had limits on language
ability? - Using non-verbal tasks results in skills developing at younger ages
than proposed by Piaget - Largely ignores social factors.
- Piaget’s theory focuses on how children guide their own
development through experimentation and reflection.
vygotskys theory
socio cultural theory
socio cultural thoery
Constructive interactions with parents, older children,
teachers, and siblings help development and thinking.
scaffolding
- Scaffolding: step-by-step assistance, but not so much that
they fail to move forward.
zone of proximal developemnt
- Zone of proximal development: a gap between what a
child can do on their own, with help, and not even with help
temprement and the four types
- Temperament: biologically-based tendency to respond to certain situations in similar ways throughout one’s lifetime
- Easy (40%): cheerful, regular in routines, open to novelty
- Difficult (10%): irritable, have intense negative reactions to change or new situations
- Slow-to-warm (15%): less active and responsive, tend to withdraw but not as much as those with difficult temperaments
- Unique (35%): a blend of characteristics; may be cautious in new situations but is relatively cheerful and routine
what did kagan find
Kagan found that inhibited 21-month-olds were more
likely to be shy at 12-14 years old illustrating two
aspects of temperamentw
what realization did kagans discovery lead to
- Temperament is inborn: individual differences in amygdala
activation, higher heart rates, stress hormones, pupil dilation,
blood pressure - Temperament is stable across situations and time: those most
inhibited tended to be that way at different times and
situations. Most consistent in similar situations than across
different situations
erik erikson
believed we develop
psychosocial strength
* At first, we’re completely dependent,
then
* Toddlers develop their own desires and
* By preschool a sense of purpose
attatchment
a significant and enduring emotional connection that
serves as an essential foundation for future relationshipsfr
freud
Freud argued the relationship formed with the mother forms the
foundation for all other relationships and that feeding was the basis
for that emotional connection
who tested freuds notion
harlow and zimmerman
harlow and zimmermans experiment
now famous 1950s
baby rhesus monkeys experiment
* Removed from mothers at birth and reared in
isolation for 6 mos with two surrogate mothers
* A crucial element in forming attachments is
contact comfort
