Ch.5 Flashcards
Fake news
Deliberately false or misleading new stories that masquerade as truthful reporting.
•A form of lie because it involves delivered deception.
•Distinct from other kinds of messages and misinformation such as Propaganda, Opinion writing, Biased reporting, Hoaxes, and satire.
Combating fake news requires reasonable skepticism.
•Giving up the habit of automatically accepting claims in the media.
•Rejecting the assumption that most of what’s said online is true.
•Not taking the word of online sources on faith.
•Refusing to believe a claim without legitimate reasons.
•Legitimate reasons come from reliable evidence, trustworthy sources, and critical thinking.

Strategies for discerning fake news from real news
1)Read laterally. (Read other sources adjacent to it)
2)Read critically.
3)Use Google or Wikipedia carefully.
4)Check your biases.
Reading critically
•Accept claims supported independently by reliable authorities, evidence or claims, you know to be true.
•Accept claims supported by the source it’s self through citations to credible sources or references to supporting facts. 
•Reject claims there are good reasons to believe are false.
•Suspend judgement on claims you are unsure of.
Media bias
Understanding what media bias is and how it affects us requires knowing the meaning accuracy, completeness and objectivity.
•Accuracy: Faithfulness to the evidence.
•Completeness: Ensuring that nothing important (facts, context, sources, etc.) is left out of a story.
•Objectivity: Ensuring that a story exhibits no explicit or implicit preference for one set of values over another. 
Bias
A distorted and unfair perspective caused by the values of the writer or editor.
•Often indicated by the manipulation of connotation and the use of evaluative language.
•Connotation: Feelings and attitudes associate with words beyond there literal meaning.
•Evaluative Language: Words that express value judgements. 
Stories are often incorrectly accused of biases because people have trouble distinguishing news from opinion.
•News: An account of events or situations that can be verified through objective evidence.
•Opinion: Expressions of views that cannot be verified entirely through objective evidence.
•Advocacy: Opinion writing consisting of examinations, interpretations, or explanations of news events.

Accusations of systematic partisan bias can seem convincing, but are likely wrong because accusers often:
•attack journalists or media owners rather than their product.
•Failed to specify a non-ideological standard.
•Expect balance between unbalanced phenomena.
•Cherry-picking confirming evidence and ignore disconfirming content. 
•Refused to accept that imbalances can be explained by factors other than bias. 
Advertising
The practice of calling the public’s attention to some thing to induce them to buy products, services, or otherwise change their opinions or behaviour.
•Designed to influence, persuade, and/or manipulate.
•Often deceptive and misleading, employing fallacies and rhetorical ploys.
•Not obligated to adhere to standards of objectivity, fairness, or reliability.
•Should always be approached with reasonable skepticism.
Internet advertising
•Paid search ads: Appear in search results because advertisers pay for them not because they are accurate or reliable
•Social media ads: Appear on social media platforms targeting specific audiences defined by personality, demographics, and behavioural characteristics.
•Display ads: Appear as static images, loading banners, sidebar ads, popups, background wallpaper, and audioplay or user-play videos on websites.
Native advertisements
Intimate editorial or journalistic content; use stories, vignettes, and personal profiles rather than overt sales pitches.
Political advertising
•Negative political ads began in the United States during the 1964 presidential election between Lyndon B. Johnson and Barry Goldwater.
•Feature fallacies, rhetorical gimmicks, exaggerations, half-truths, and even outright lies.
•Digital technology, micro-targeting, and social media have magnified their impact.
Video manipulation methods of advertising
•Doctoring: Altering the frames of a video in order to deceive the viewer.
•Splicing: Editing together disparate Videos to the store or fundamentally alter the story being told.
•Misrepresentation: Presenting unaltered video in a matter of that misrepresents the footage and misleads the viewer. 
