ch5 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
psych and bio theories of criminal behaviour share the assumption that behaviour is caused by underlying _ or _ condition that separates the _ from the _
A
physical, mental, criminal, non-criminal
2
Q
_ and _ theories seek to identify the kind of person who becomes a _ and find factors that causes them to engage in _ _
A
bio, psych, criminal, criminal behaviour
3
Q
t/f bio and psych theories give insight into individual cases
A
t
4
Q
what do bio and psych theories not provide insight for (4)
A
varying neighbourhood crime rates, group to group, large urban areas, within groups of individuals
5
Q
3 categories of soc categories
A
strain, cultural deviance, social control
6
Q
strain and cultural deviance theories formulated between _ and _
A
1925-45
7
Q
_ and _ theories laid foundation for subcultural theories
A
strain, cultural deviance
8
Q
strain and cultural deviance theories laid foundation for _ theories
A
subcultural
9
Q
_ theories based on assumption that motivation to commit crime is part of human nature
A
social control
10
Q
social control theories based on assumption that _ to commit crime is part of _ _
A
motivation, human nature
11
Q
social control theories seek to discover why people _ commit crime
examine the ability of _ and _ to make their rules effective
A
do not
social groups, institutions
12
Q
strain and cultural dev theories assume _ _ and _ _ are related but differ about _ of relationship
A
social class, criminal behaviour, nature
13
Q
strain theory: _ theory positing that a gap between culturally approved _ and legitimate means of _ them causes frustration that leads to _ behaviour
A
criminological, goals, achieving, criminal
14
Q
criminological theory positing that a gap between culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving them causes frustration that leads to criminal behaviour
A
strain theory
15
Q
t/f strain theory argues all members of society subscribe to one set of cultural values
A
t
16
Q
what cultural values do all members of society subscribe to according to strain theory
A
middle class values
17
Q
one of the most important middle class values
A
economic success
18
Q
t/f society structured in a way to restrict access legit means of achieving middle class goals
A
t
19
Q
ppl turn to illegitimate means to reach middle class goal because
A
they don’t have access to legitimate means
20
Q
one way of studying society is to look at its component parts and find out how they _ to one another
A
relate
21
Q
emile durkheim developed _ perspective at end of _ century
A
structural-functionalist, 19th
22
Q
structural-functionalist perspective developed by
A
emile durkheim
23
Q
what theories were dominant at end of 19th century
A
positivist biological theories
24
Q
positivist biological theories relied on what
A
search for individual differences between criminals and non-criminals
25
when science was searching for _ of the criminal durkheim was writing about _ of crime in society
abnormality, normality
26
durkheim thought explanation of human conduct and misconduct lied not in _ but in _ and _ organization
individual, group and social
27
anomie
breakdown of social order as a result of loss of clear societal norms and values
28
breakdown of social order as a result of loss of clear societal norms and values
anomie
29
who created term anomie
durkheim
30
when norms breakdown people feel _ in choices they have to make
unguided
31
_ leads to breakdown of society and increase and deviance and _
normlessness, crime
32
structural functionalism accepts that a certain amount of _ and _ is normal
deviance, crime
33
deviance and crime are necessary to define boundaries of _ behaviour
acceptable
34
t/f even in society of saints there would be an odd saint who violates the code for behaviour
t
35
t/f: according to structural functionalists deviance is functional to the group
t
36
punishments of deviants and criminals confirm _ _ or society and reaffirm correctness of conventional _ and _
moral boundaries, norms, values
37
durkheim argued that in deviance and crime are the seeds of _ _
social change
38
too much conformity = society would too easily congeal into _ form
immutable
39
t/f durkheim thought too much deviance bad but society needs to maintain healthy balance between deviants and conformists
t
40
dukrheim illustrated anomie through
suicide
41
in context of suicide durkheim used anomie to refer to personal _ and _when predictable societal conditions breakdown
personal loss and despair
42
who was interested in anomic suicide
durkheim
43
durkheim found that suicide rates _ during times of sudden _ change
increased, economic
44
t/f sudden economic change includes times of despair and prosperity
t
45
towards end of july, august, and september 1929 stock market _ and people made lots of _
soared, profits
46
stock market crashed on _
black tuesday (oct 24, 1929)
47
suicides increase during sudden prosperity because of _ _ in _
sudden change, expectations
48
durkheim argued that since natures doesn't set strict _ limits on capabilities of humanity like other animals, we have _ rules that put realistic cap on aspirations
biological, social
49
social rules and regulations incorporated into _ _ and makes it possible for people to feel _
individual conscience, fulfilled
50
merton also related crime problem to
anomie
51
merton argued that real problem is not created by sudden social _ but by social structure that enforces same _ without giving _ means to achieve them
change, goals, equal
52
merton called it _ _ because social structure was root of the problem
structural explanation
53
merton called it structural explanation because _ _ was root of the problem
social structure
54
contemporary criminologists named merton's theory _ _
strain theory
55
strain theory assumes that _ - _ people will commit crime when under great _
law-abiding, pressure
56
people that are socialized to believe they can achieve wealth and success experience anomie or _ when they realize they lack the legitimate means to _ these goals
strain, achieve
57
disparity between _ and _ = pressure
goals, means
58
t/f: merton thought in class oriented society opportunities to get to top weren't equally distributed
t
59
t/f few members of lower class got to top in class oriented society
t
60
merton's anomie theory emphasize 2 things
1. _ aspirations
2. _ means
cultural
institutionalized
61
cultural aspirations aka _ that people think are worth striving for
goals
62
insitutionalized means aka _ ways to attain _ ends
accepted, desired
63
cultural aspirations and institutionalized means are _ - _ in _ society
well-integrated, stable
64
t/f: disparity between goals and means foster frustration and lead to strain
t
65
merton's theory focuses on the _
criminogenic
66
criminogenic
crime-producing, nature of interaction between social and socialization process
67
crime-producing, nature of interaction between social and socialization process
criminogenic
68
strain theories are _ - based theories
consensus
69
consensus-based theories
assume society-wide general agreement on definition of behaviors as criminal
70
_ theories assume little consensus
conflict
71
conflict theories assume little consensus and focus attention on how
some groups can influence the definition of behaviors as criminal
72
merton's theories explains crime in canada in terms of wide disparities in _ among various _
income, classes
73
t/f rich getting richer, poor getting poorer and pandemic will exacerbate this trend
t
74
top 20 controls _% of wealth, boottom 20% are in _
68, debt
75
t/f indigenous in canada and australia both struggle with strain and anomie
t
76
gradual civilization act of 1857 led to government funding of _ _
residential school s
77
t/f in 1920 attendance of residential schools became mandatory
t
78
children in australia were taken from families and placed in _ schools to be trained in _ labor
industrial, manual
79
bronfman - founder of seagram and whisky magnate; explain rise to success
son of poor farmer, found out that bar makes more profits so they should sell drinks; empire flourished during prohibition because they were major liquor supplier to american bootleggers
80
t/f hockey players are eg of extraordinary payoff for hard work and talent
t
81
t/f merton made it clear that high rate of deviance can't be explained just on lack of means
t
82
merton's 5 ways in which people adapt/adjust to society's goals or means (CIRRR)
conformity, retreatism, innovation, ritualism, rebellion
83
most common goal of adjustment
conformity
84
individuals accept culturally defined goals and prescribed means for achieving the goals
conformity
85
accept society's goals but design own means of getting ahead because there's few legitimate means of achieving them
innovatioon
86
burglary, robbery, embezzlement are eg of
innovation
87
t/f innovatin restricted to lower class
f
88
stock manipulaiton, sale of defective products, income tax evasion
innovation
89
abandon the goals they once thought were within reach and resign themselves to present lifestyles that can be very repetitive
ritualism
90
give up goals and means and retreat into drug addictions and alcoholism for a nonproductive and non striving lifestyle
retreatism
91
t/f retreatists become addicts or followers of occult religions
t
91
when both cultural goals and legitimate means are rejected and people substitute their own goals and means
rebellion
92
rebellers have an alt scheme for a new _ structure
social
93
passas argue that anomie theorists base their arguments on _ of crime rather than _ behaviour
rates, individual
94
t/f critique: strain theory focuses tooo much on lower levels of ses and not enough on middle and upper class
t
95
is rate of female offending significantly lower than males
t
96
cloward and ohlin's differential opportunity: formation of delinquent groups based on _ and _ access to both legit and illegit means
differential and unequal
97
t/f in illegit world indigenous gangs still find it hard to have long term success
t
98
strain theory dominated delinquincy research durings _ and _
50s, 60s
99
during 70s delinquincy was related to individual's loss of _ to social _
attachment, insitutions
100
t/f during 80s and onwards there's been a surge in strain concepts
t
101
messner and richard agree with merton that _ _ goal is pervasive in american dream
material success
102
t/f us dream: succeed by any means even if its illegitimate
t
103
messner and rosenfeld thought high crime also result from social institutions lacking capacity to _ behaviour
control
104
messner and rosenfeld: dominance of econ insitutions manifests in three ways
1. _ of _ roles and functions
2. accommodation of other institutions to _ needs
3. _ of economic norms
devaluation, non-economic
economic
penetration
105
messner and rosenfeld: as long as there's disproportionate emphasis on _ rewards, crime problem will _
monetary, increase
106
hackler: 'lost wallet' with money and owner's name; in norway and denmark xx walletst were returned
100%
107
adler: economic concerns haven't devalued informal social control institutions (family, community or religion), crime rates _ and _
is this for non-industrialized and highly industrialized countries?
low and stable
yes
108
agnew revised _ theory to make it more broadly explain criminal behaviour
mertin
109
agnew's theory
general strain theory
110
criminal behaviour can result from strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals, stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual, or strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli.
general strain theory
111
agnew used his theory to primarily explain delinquincies and criminal behaviours in
adolescents
112
agnew's theory focuses more on _
emotions (negative)
113
agnew: strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals can explain behaviours in _ and _ class as well
middle, upper
114
agnew: each type of strain increases individual's feelings of _ _ or _ (AFD_
anger, fear, depression
115
most critical rxn for gen strain theory is _ which increases desire for _ and stimulates person to action
anger, revenge
116
agnew: t/f not all ppl who experience strain become criminals
t
117
agnew: doesn't make it to hs is eg of
Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals.
118
agnew - get dumped is eg of
Strain caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual.
119
agnew - physical abuse is eg oof
Strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli.
120
policy informed by strain theory in regent park: _ to _ program
pathways to education program
121
pathways to education program offers
1. _ support to students
2> _ support to individual and group development and _ mentoring
3. _ support through bus tickets tied with attendance and _ for uni
4. _ / _ workers help students and parents stay engaged with uni
academic
mentor, career
financial, bursaries
parent/student
122
cohen's approach draws on importance of social _ and _ concepts
strain, (sub)cultural
123
cohen came up with
status deprivation
124
cohen - delinquent subcultures emerge from _ areas of large cities
slum
125
cohen - relative position of kid's family in _ _ determines problems kid will face in life
social structure
126
Evaluation standards used in schools that emphasize middle-class values such as self-reliance, good manners, respect for property, and long-range planning.
middle class measuring rod
127
middle class measuring rod part of who's theory
cohen
128
t/f lower class kids will fall short of standards to compete successfully with middle class kids according to middle class measuring rod
t
129
cohen says deprived of status according to middle class standards they experience _ _ and strain
status frustration
130
lower class won't meet middle class standards and will adopt 1/3 roles
corner boy college boy, delinquint boy
131
cohen's strain focused on _ class and at _
lower, school
132
make the best out of bad situations
corner boys
133
strive to live up to middle class standards but chances are limited because of academics and social handicaps
college boys
134
form subculture where they can define status in ways that are attainable to them
delinquent boys
135
cohen - even though lower class youth set up their own _ they still internalized norms of _ class and feel _ when they go against them
norms, dominant, anxious
136
delinquent boys deal with conflilct by resorting to
rxn formation
137
An individual response to anxiety in which the person reacts to a stimulus with abnormal intensity or inappropriate conduct
rnx formation
138
t/f delinquent boys' delinquent acts serve no purpose
t
139
t/f many lower class boys do poorly because teachers expect them to do worse than middle class boyos
t
140
t.f family poverty predicted academic failure and extreme delinquincy but not minor self reported delinquency
t
141
persistent or intermittent poverty has more negative effects
intermittent
142
cohen's theoroy doesn't explain why most delinquent eventually become _ - _ citizens
doesn't account for increasing # of _ class gangs
law abiding
middle
143
_ conversion: importance of alllies
mutual
144
measuring rod policy option
redefine what success is
145
does status deprivation take gender into account
no
146
cloward and ohlin's theory
differential opportunity theory
147
cloward and ohlin: combines _, _, and _ for differential opportunity theory
strain, differential association, social disorganization
148
cohen - delinquent acts are negative and _ - _
noon-utilitarian
149
cloward and ohlin: lower class delilnquents remain _ oriented
goal
150
theory that attempts to join the concept of anomie and differential association by analyzing both legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures available to individuals. It posits that illegitimate opportunities, like legitimate opportunities, are unequally distributed.
differential opportunity theory
151
cloward and ohlin: Delinquent subcultures flourish in lower-class areas because opportunities for illegitimate and conventional success are _ lacking.
equally
152
close connection of illegitimate and legitimate business _ gangs emerge
older criminals = _ models
criminal
role
153
cloward and ohlin: neighborhoods characterized by _ and _ that offer few _ to get ahead in organized criminal activities giving rise to _ gangs
transience and instability, opportunities, conflict
154
gangs that have reputation for toughness and destructive violence
conflict gangs
155
how to gain status in conflict gangs
violence
156
conflict gangs emerge in lower class areas where neither _ or _ adult role models exercise control over youngers
criminal, conventional
157
gangs where individuals haven't been successful in legitimate or illegetimate world
retreatist gangs
158
gang subculture characterized by getting high, atypical sexual experiences
retreatist gangs
159
hirshi: kids who stick to hard work and education are _ likely to become delinquent, regardless of their chances of reaching their goals
lest
160
hagedorn: most male gang members were trying to find _ work even though they were making more $ in drug sales
licit
161
t/f both gang and non gang boys believe in middle class values
t
162
t/f gang boys readier to approve of wide range of behaviours and drug use
t
163
hagan + mccarthy in toronto + van: negative home situations lead boys to turn to _ while youth from functioning families do _ in school and find _ employment
streets, well, legitimate
164
chin ny chinese gangs: EAsHP
extortion, alien smuggling, heroin trafficking, prostitution
165
indigenous gangs are a response to lack of _ and _ opportunities
legitimate, illegitimate
166
t/f gangs also involved in robberies, joyriding, assault, stealing and drug sales
t
167
counting # gang involved ppl hard because changes in _, reporting _, and recording _
awareness, behaviours x2
168
has any national survey on gang involvement been conducted in canada yet
no
169
t/f lots of gang hopping and switching occurs in indigenous prairie gangs
t
170
in toronto at least _ gangs tied to organized crime
25
171
collab with organized crime groups highested with respect to _ trafficking, _ and _ theft
drug, extortiono/intimmidation, auto
172
_ in us are social, econ, political and cultural units
chinatowns
173
main criticism of differential opportunity theory: _ oriented
class
174
differential opporunity theroy id'd some of the reasons _ class might be alienated
lower
175
policy for strain theories: ontario rental housing tribunal, Ontario public service, and ontario science centre = ways to _ gap between _ goals and _ means of achieving them
in AB and ON, _ corps are similar programs
reduce, cultural, institutionalized
job
176
t/f modest support suggesting people with mental disorders might have relationship with violence
t
177
t/f focusing on mental health means other possible contributing factors are underresearched
t
178
link: people with mental disorders experience more strains in life than other people and this explains _
violence
179
t/f strains and stressors associated with violence using GST
T
