CH5 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Source, Physical state at room temp, Melting point & example of Oils
Plants
Liquid
Low
Palm Oil
Source, Physical state at room temp, Melting point & example of Fats
Animal
Solid
High
Butter
What is Soap ?
Sodium or Potassium fatty acids salt produced from neutralisation reaction between fatty acid (long-chain carboxylic acid) and alkali
What is detergent ?
Non-soap cleaning agent; sodium salts of sulphonic acids (Alkyl sulphonic acid & alkylbenzene sulphonic acid)
Process & general equation of preparation of soaps
Through Hydrolysis of oil/fat in NaOH or KOH Solution
Oil/Fat + Concentrated Alkali -> Soap + Glycerol
Processes of preparation of Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate
i) Sulphonation
- Alkylbenzene reacts with concentrated H2SO4 to form Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid
ii) Neutralisation
- Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid reacts with NaOH solution to produce Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate + water
Process of preparation of Sodium Alkyl Sulphate detergent
i) Sulphation
- Long Chain alcohol reacts with concentrated H2SO4 to produced Alkyl Hydrogen Sulphate + Water
ii) Neutralisation
- Alkyl Hydrogen Sulphate reacts with NaOH to produced Sodium Alkyl Sulphate + Water
6 Process of cleansing action of soap and detergent
i) Surface tension of water is reduced to increase water’s ability to wet surface of cloth
ii) Soap/Detergent ionises in water to produces free moving soap/detergent anions
iii) Hydrophilic part of anion dissolves in water, hydrophobic part dissolves in grease
iv) Movement of water causes greases to pull away from cloth
v) Hydrophilic part of anion surround the grease to float the grease to surface of water
vi) Grease breaks into small droplets that will not reattach due to repulsion of negative charges of hydrophilic part on the surface of grease
Definition of food additives
Natural or synthetic ingredients added to food to prevent damage or improve taste, appearance or texture
Function and 2 examples of Preservative
Prevent or delay growth of bacteria of fungi to make food last longer
Sugar in jams
Vinegar in pickles
Function and 2 examples of antioxidants
Slow down oxidation of fats to prevent oily and greasy food from becoming rancid
Ascorbic acids in sweets
Citric acid in oily food
3 Function and 2 examples of flavourings
Replace loss of flavour during food processing
Replace food seasonings that are expensive or seasonal
Add flavour or fragrant smell to make the food tastier
Msg, Stevia, Ester
Function and 2 examples of stabiliser
Give uniformed and smooth texture
Pectin to thicken Jams
Agar
Function and 2 examples of Emulsifier
Emulsify 2 immiscible liquids
Monoglyceride or triglycerides in peanut butter
Lecithin in chocolate
Function and 2 examples of Thickener
Thicken liquid
Starch and gelatine
Function and 2 examples of dyes
add or restore color to make food look attractive
Caramel to give brown color
Triphenyl compounds
4 Reason food additives are used
Seasonal crops and fruit can be enjoyed all year around
Taste better
Enhance appearance
Food stays fresh and last longer
4 Bad effect of food additives
Allergies
Cancer
Nerve disorder
Asthma, rashes and hyperactivity in children
Definition of medicines
Chemicals used to help with the treatment or prevention of diseases
4 Examples of traditional medicine with its functions
Ginger
- remove gas from body
- prevent cold
- help to warm the body
Aloe vera
- Treat skin diseases
- treat wounds caused by burns
Ginseng
- Build immunity against infection
- Lower body pressure and cholesterol level
Tamarind
- relieves cough
- Brighten the skin
5 Modern medicine & examples
Anti allergies
- Antihistamines
Antimicrobials
- Antibiotic
- Antiseptic
- Disinfectant
Analgesics
- Aspirin
- Paracetemol
- Codeine
Psychotic drugs
- Haloperidol
- Chlorpromazine
- Clozapine
Corticosteroids
- Prednisolone
Function of aspirin and paracetemol
relieve pain in conscious state
Function of codeine
Relieves pain, alleviates coughs and treats diarrhoea
Side effect of aspirin
Causes stomach ulcers
