Ch5 Communicable diseases

Question 1

Communicable disease

Answer 1

can be spread between organisms

caused by pathogens

Question 2

Non-communicable diseases

Answer 2

diseases that can’t be spread between two organisms

Question 3

Pathogens

Answer 3

bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

Question 4

virus

Answer 4

smaller than bacteria
takes over cells in body
live and reproduce inside the cells, damaging and destroying them

Question 5

bacteria

Answer 5

produce toxins that cause illness
directly damage cells
divide rapidly by splitting in 2(binary fission)

Question 6

spread of pathogens by water

Answer 6

eating contaminated food or drinking water with sewage in allows pathogen to enter digestive system
fungal spores in water transfers plant diseases

Question 7

spread of pathogens by air

Answer 7

droplet infection expelled from breathing system by coughing or sneezing
others breathe in the droplets and intake the pathogens

Question 8

spread of pathogens by direct contact

Answer 8

sexual contact, cuts, scratches and needle punctures

animals can act as vectors by carrying the pathogen between the infected and uninfected

Question 9

factors affecting health

Answer 9

diet
stress
life situations:(gender, location, ethnicity, local sewage, levels of health care and financial status)

Question 10

factors for bacteria growth

Answer 10

lots of oxygen(they aerobically respire)

moist

Question 11

health problem interactions

Answer 11

1. viruses living in cells can trigger cancer
2. genes, poor nutrition or other infections can create defects in your immune system
3. immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies
4. physical health can lead to mental illness
5. malnutrition is linked to weak immune system, obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer

Question 12

calculating bacteria at end of growth period

Answer 12

bacteria at beginning x 2^number of division

Question 13

HIV

1. type
2. spread by
3. symptoms
4. prevention

Answer 13

1. virus
2. sexual contact and exchanging bodily fluids
3. flu-like, damages immune system
4. condoms and not sharing needles

Question 14

TMV

1. type
2. spread by
3. symptoms
4. prevention

Answer 14

1. virus
2. direct contact between plants
3. mosaic patterns on leaves, reducing growth and photosynthesis

Question 15

Rose black spot

1. type
2. spread by
3. symptoms
4. prevention

Answer 15

1. fungus
2. water and wind
3. purple-black spots on leaves and reduced growth
4. fungicides and removing leaves

Question 16

Gonorrhoea

1. type
2. spread by
3. symptoms
4. prevention

Answer 16

1. bacteria
2. sexual contact
3. urination pain and yellow/green discharge
4. condoms and antibiotics

Question 17

Salmonella

1. type
2. spread by
3. symptoms
4. prevention

Answer 17

1. bacteria
2. eating contaminated food
3. fever, diarrhoea, vomiting and stomach cramps
4. washing food, cooking chicken thoroughly

Question 18

Measles

1. type
2. spread by
3. symptoms
4. prevention

Answer 18

1. virus
2. airborne droplets
3. fever, red skin rash and death
4. vaccination of children

Question 19

Malaria

1. type
2. spread by
3. symptoms
4. prevention

Answer 19

1. protist
2. mosquito vectors
3. fever and death
4. insecticides, mosquito nests and stopping mosquito breeding

Question 20

producing antitoxins

Answer 20

white blood cells produce antitoxins which counteract toxins produced by pathogens

Question 21

producing antibodies

Answer 21

white blood cells produce unique antibodies, that target specific corresponding pathogens

Immune system remembers this certain antibody and so acts more efficiently next time

Question 22

phagocytosis

Answer 22

phagocyte white blood cells ingest pathogens, digesting them and then destroying them

Question 23

six signs of plant disease

Answer 23

1. stunted growth
2. spots on leaves
3. discolouration
4. rot or decay
5. malformed stems or leaves
6. abnormal growths

Question 24

Skin defences

Answer 24

1. acts as a barrier to prevent pathogens entering
2. produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria
3. covered with microorganisms to act as an extra barrier

Question 25

Human defences

Answer 25

1. noise is full of hairs and mucus to trap particles 2. trachea and bronchi secrete mucus 3. lining of tubes are covered in cilia to waft mucus up to back of the throat to be swallowed 4. stomach produces acid that destroys microorganisms in mucus you swallow

Question 26

Plant defences

Answer 26

1. cell walls, tough waxy cuticle and bark prevent pathogens from entering 2. thorns and hairs deter animals 3. poisons or antibacterial chemicals are secreted 4. mimicry to replicate unhealthy plants 5. leaves droop or curl to scare or knock off insects

Question 27

aphids

Answer 27

insects that have sharp mouthparts that penetrate into phloem vessel to feed on sugar-rich sap can act as vectors

Question 28

nitrate deficiency

Answer 28

needed to make proteins for plant growth plant becomes stunted

Question 29

magnesium deficiency

Answer 29

needed to make chlorophyll causes leaves to turn yellow(chlorosis) growth becomes stunted due to lack of photosynthesis