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Psychology U3/4 > CH5 The Psychobiological Process of Memory > Flashcards

CH5 The Psychobiological Process of Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

Defined as the processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning.

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2
Q

Sensory memory

A store in the Atkinson–Shiffrin Multi-Store Model of Memory

A
  • Capacity is unlimited; duration for iconic (0.3-05s), for echoic (3-4s)
  • Consciously unaware of information
  • Receives sensory information from the environment
  • Enables perceptual continuity (i.e. constant awareness) for the world around us.
    • Does this by storing sensory impressions long enough for each impression to slightly overlap the next.
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3
Q

STM (or working memory)

A store in the Atkinson–Shiffrin Multi-Store Model of Memory

A
  • Capacity is 7±2 items; duration is 12-30s
  • Receives encoded version of information from sensory memory
  • Transfers information to and from LTM through rehearsal
  • Maintains information in conscious awareness for immediate use
  • When full, old items are pushed out to accomodate new items
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4
Q

LTM

A store in the Atkinson–Shiffrin Multi-Store Model of Memory

A
  • Stores information for re-access and use at a later time.
  • Explicit and implicit memory
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5
Q

Storage

A
  • Is the retention of the encoded information over time
  • Allows for information to be held for an extended period of time
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6
Q

Retrieval

A
  • Is the recovery of stored information into conscious awareness
  • From LTM to STM
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7
Q

Encoding

A
  • Making information meaningful
  • Only occurs in STM and LTM
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8
Q

Capacity

A
  • In relation to memory, the amount of information that can be retained at any given moment
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9
Q

Duration

A
  • In relation to memory, the length of time that information that can be retained
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10
Q

Ways to manipulate capacity and duration of STM

A
  • Chunking
    - Grouping of separate bits of information into one or more larger units.
    - Increases capacity of STM.
  • Maintenance rehearsal
    - Repeating new info over and over again
    - Increases duration of STM
    - Inneffective transfer of info to LTM.
  • Elaborative rehearsal
    - Linking info to info already stored in LTM
    - Encodes new information
    - More effective form of transfer to LTM.
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11
Q

Echoic memory

A
  • Form of sensory memory
  • Relates to auditory sensory information
  • Capacity: unlimited
  • Duration: 3-4s
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12
Q

Iconic memory

A
  • Form of sensory memory
  • Relates to visual sensory information
  • Capacity: unlimited
  • Duration: 0.3-0.5s
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13
Q

Implicit memory

A
  • LTM held without conscious awareness
  • Does not require intentional/conscious retrieval

(I)mplicit = (I)dk

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14
Q

Explicit memory

A
  • LTM held with conscious awareness
  • Requires intentional/conscious retrieval
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15
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A
  • Form of implicit memory
  • Consists of learnt emotional reactions that occur in response to a stimulus or an event you have formed an association with.
    - E.g. being fearful of a large dog running towards you.
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16
Q

Procedural memory

A
  • Form of implicit memory
  • Consists of skills, habits or actions
  • Tasks that are facilitated by motor skills.
    - E.g. biting nails when anxious, riding your bike.
17
Q

Semantic memory

A
  • Form of explicit memory
  • Consists of general knowledge or facts (i.e. knowing that…)
18
Q

Episodic memory

A
  • Form of explicit memory
  • Consists of personal experiences or events
  • Unique to each individual
  • Enables mental time travel like imagined futures and reliving the past
19
Q

Autobiographical memory

A
  • Consists of experiences recollected from an individual’s life
  • Uses reconstruction to combine episodic and semantic memory to form a more coherent, complete or accurate memory
20
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons progressively causing memory decline, deterioration of cognitive and social skills, and personality changes.
  • Disrupts STM first then progresses into hippocampal damage
  • Primarily affects LT explicit memory, therefore patients cannot access autobiographical memories
21
Q

Causes of Alzheimer’s

A
  • Begins in the hippocampus (hippocampal damage)
    • Amyloid plaque build-up between the synapses of neurons
    • Neurofibrillary tangles when protein builds up inside the neuron and are associated with cell death
    • Brain atrophy when Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles progressively damage and kill neurons
22
Q

Aphantasia

A
  • Is the inability to visualise imagery
  • Those affected may have issues with autobiographical memory, imagined futures, semantic memory, remembering faces
  • No known causes
23
Q

Mnemonics

A
  • Any technique used for improving or enhancing memory. It can:
    • Add information to organise information in LTM, making it easier to locate and retrieve
    • Works best for remembering information that needs to be memorised but is not necessarily understood.
24
Q

Written cultures

A
  • Cultures in which stories and information are shared and preserved through the processes of reading and writing.
25
Q

Acrostic

A
  • Is a written culture mnemonic technique
  • Making verbal associations for items by constructing sentences using the first letters of the information to be remembered.
  • Each letter of each word in the sentence acts as a retrieval cue

Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit

26
Q

Acronym

A
  • Is a written culture mnemonic technique
  • Are pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a group of words
  • Each letter acts a retrieval cue for the first letter of each word to be recalled.

BODMAS

27
Q

Method of loci

A
  • Is a written culture mnemonic technique
  • Items are converted into mental images and associated with specific locations
  • Each location acts as a retrieval cue
  • Location should be familiar
  • First step is determining what locations one is most familiar to
28
Q

Oral cultures

A
  • Cultures that involve people who communicated vital information and spread stories via word of mouth.
29
Q

Song lines

A
  • Is an oral culture mnemonic technique
  • Is a navigational route comprising a sequence of locations. Links information with a physical location.
  • In addition, at each location, a story, song, dance or ceremony is performed that is associated with that particular location.
30
Q

How song lines differ from the method of loci

A
  • Each location is used for a complex story so use larger locations
  • They are designed for permanent memory
  • Made by communities for communal use, rather than being made by individuals
31
Q

The role of the hippocampus in LTM

A
  • Located in the medial temporal lobe
  • Encodes and consolidates explicit memory
32
Q

The role of the amygdala in LTM

A
  • Located in the medial temporal lobe
  • Strengthens encoding by consolidating emotional component of explicit memories
  • Involved in formation of implicit, classically-conditioned fear responses; (involuntary, flight-fight-freeze)

The amygdala’s primary role lies in implicit memory rather than in explicit, despite its involvement in consolidation

33
Q

The role of the neocortex in LTM

A
  • Located in the cerebral cortex
  • Long-term storage
  • Involved in retrieval
34
Q

The role of the basal ganglia in LTM

A
  • Located in the cerebral cortex
  • Encodes and stores procedural memories involving voluntary motor movements.
  • Plans movement to enable fluidity.
  • Involved in habituation.
35
Q

Habituation

A
  • Is a non-associative process
  • Involves becoming accustomed to a stimulus due to repeated exposure to it.
36
Q

The role of the cerebellum in LTM

A
  • Located at the base of the brain
  • Encodes and stores implicit, procedural memories. Enables coordination of movement.
  • Stores simple classically-conditioned responses like blinking in response to CS

Psychology U3/4 (6 decks)

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