ch.5 tissues

Question 1

what is the study of tissues called?

Answer 1

histology

Question 2

many cells are tightly packed within ___ ___ that connet their cell membranes

Answer 2

intercellular junctions

Question 3

what are the types of intercellular junctions? describe them

Answer 3

-tight junction: membranes converge and fuse
-demosome: rivets skin cells, enabling them to form reinforced structural unit
-gap junctions: tubular channels between cells

Question 4

where can tight junctions be found? desmosome? gap junction?

Answer 4

-digestive tract and blood vessel in brain
-outer skin cells
-heart muscle, muscle digestive tract

Question 5

what are the 4 major types of of tissues?

Answer 5

-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous

Question 6

describe the simple characteristics of epithelial tissues

Answer 6

-cover all free body surfaces, forms inner lining of body cavities, lines hollow organs, and major tissue of glans
-the protect, secret, absorb, and excrete
-free surface on outside (apical) and basement membrane on inside
-cells readily divide and heal injuries

Question 7

epithelial tissue are classified layer and shape, list these

Answer 7

-simple (one layer), stratified (2 or more layer), pseudestratified (appears layered, but is not)
-squamous (flat), cubodial (cube shaped), columnar (tall)

Question 8

describe simple squamous epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 8

-single layered, flattened
-filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface
-air sac of lung, walls of capillaries, lining of blood and lymph vessels, lining body cavities, covering viscera

Question 9

describe simple cubodial epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 9

-single layered, cube shaped cells
-protection, secretion, absorption
-surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubes, linings of ducts of certain glands

Question 10

describe simple columnar epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 10

-single layered, elongated cells
-protection, secretion, absorption
-linings of uterus, stomach, and intestines

Question 11

describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 11

-single layered, elongated cells
-secretion, protection, movement of mucus and substances
-linings of respiratory passages

Question 12

describe stratified squamous epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 12

-many layers, top cells flattened
-protection
-superficial portions of skin and linings of oral cavity, vagina, and anal cavity

Question 13

describe stratified cuboidal epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 13

-2 or 3 layers, cube shaped cells
-protection
-linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas

Question 14

describe stratified columnar epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 14

-top layer elongated, lower layer cube shaped cells
-protection, secretion
-parts of male urethra and linings of larger ducts of excretory glands

Question 15

describe transitional epithelium by description, function, location

Answer 15

-many layers of cube shaped and elongated cells
-distensibility and protection
-inner linings of urinary bladder and lings of uterers and urethra

Question 16

what are glandular epithelium composed of? where are they found? how are they classified?a

Answer 16

-specialized cells to secrete substances found within columnar or cubodial epithelium
-exocrine (secrete into ducts) and endocrine (secrete into tissue or blood)

Question 17

how are exocrine glands classified according to organization of cells?

Answer 17

-simple: doesn’t branch, communicates by duct
-compound: duct branches before it reaches secretory portion
-tubular: compound, consist of epithelial lined tubes
-alveolar: compound, terminal portions form sac-like dilation

Question 18

how are exocrine glands classified according to the composition of their secretion?

Answer 18

-merocrine glands: secrete fluid by exocytosis (salivary and sweat glands, pancreases)
-apocrine glands: lose small part of cells during secretion (mammary and ceruminous glans)
-holocrine glands: release entire cells filled with secretions

Question 19

define serous fluid. define mucus

Answer 19

-a substance that is watery and slippery (associated with visceral and parietal membranes)
-a thicker, protective fluid lining the inner portions of different systems (rich in glycoprotein mucin)

Question 20

most exocrine cells are __ and can be sub classified based on their own secretion of ___ or ___

Answer 20

-merocrine gland
-serous fluid
-mucus

Question 21

provide a description of areolar connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 21

-cells in fluid gel matrix
-binds organs
-beneath the skin, surrounds organs

Question 22

provide a description of adipose connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 22

-cells in fluid gel matrix
-protects, insulates, and stores fat
-beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart
-also known as fat

Question 23

provide a description of reticular connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 23

-cells in fluid-gel matrix
-supports
-walls of liver and spleen

Question 24

provide a description of dense regular connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 24

-cells in fluid-gel matrix
-binds body parts
-tendons, ligaments

Question 25

provide a description of dense irregular connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 25

-cells in fluid gel matrix -sustain tissue tension -dermis

Question 26

provide a description of elastic connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 26

-cells in fluid-gel matrix -provides elastic quality -connecting parts of the spinal column, in walls of arteries and airways

Question 27

provide a description of hyaline cartilage connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 27

-cells in solid-gel matrix -supports, protects, provides framework -ends of bones, nose and rings in walls of respiratory

Question 28

provide a description of elastic cartilage connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 28

-cells in solid-gel matrix -supports, protects, provides flexible framework -framework of external ear and part of larynx

Question 29

provide a description of fibrocartilage cartilage connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 29

-cells in solid gel matrix -supports, protects, absorbs shock -between bony parts of spinal cord, parts of pelvic girdle and knee

Question 30

provide a description of bone connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 30

-cells in solid matrix -supports, protects, provides framework -bones of skeleton, middle ear

Question 31

provide a description of blood connective tissue by listing description, function, and location

Answer 31

-cells and platelets in fluid matrix -transports gases, defends against disease, clotting -throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers

Question 32

what are the functions of connective tissues? (9)

Answer 32

-connects -supports -protects -provides framework -fill spaces -stores fat -produces blood cells -protects against infection -help repair damaged tissues

Question 33

connective tissue cells usually have considerable __ __ between them. this consist of ...

Answer 33

-extracellular matrix -fibers and a ground substance (could be solid to semi solid)

Question 34

what are the general characteristics of connective tissues?

Answer 34

-loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues are flexible; bone and cartilage are rigid -most abundant tissue type -most have goof blood supply -most can divide

Question 35

some connective tissues are ___ cells (reside in specific tissue type). others are ___ cells (move through and are in tissues temporarily)

Answer 35

-fixed -wandering

Question 36

describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. "fibroblast"

Answer 36

-widely distributed, large, star shaped cells -secrete proteins that become fibers

Question 37

describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. "macrophages"

Answer 37

-motile cell sometimes attached to fibers -clear foreign particles from tissues by phagocytosis

Question 38

describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. "mast cells"

Answer 38

-large cells, usually located near blood vessels -release substances that may help prevent blood clotting (heparin) and promote inflammation (histamine)

Question 39

describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. "collagen fibers" (white fibers)

Answer 39

-thick, threadlike fibers or collagen with great tensile strength -holds structures together

Question 40

describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. "elastic fibers" (yellow fibers)

Answer 40

-bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin -provide elastic quality to parts that stretch

Question 41

describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. "reticular fibers"

Answer 41

-thin fibers of collagen -form delicate supportive networks within tissues

Question 42

describe this component of connective tissues by listing characteristics and functions. "ground substance"

Answer 42

-nonfibrous protein and other molecule, and varying amounts of fluid -fills in spaces around cells and fiber

Question 43

connective tissue proper include loose connective tissues and dense connective tissue. list the sub categories for each of these

Answer 43

-loose: areolar, adipose, reticular -dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic -specialized tissues include cartilage, bone, and blood

Question 44

many epithelial membranes are thin structures that are composed of epithlium and underlying connective tissue. what are the 3 major types of these membranes

Answer 44

-serous membrane -mucus membrane -cutaneous membrane

Question 45

describe serous membrane

Answer 45

lines body cavities that don't open to the outside and reduce friction between organs and cavity walls

Question 46

describe mucus membrane

Answer 46

lines the cavities and tubes that open to the outside

Question 47

describe cutaneous membrane

Answer 47

is part of the interrogatory system, covers body surface; skin

Question 48

describe synovial membrane

Answer 48

entirely composed of connective tissue, lines joints

Question 49

what are the general characteristics of muscle tissues? what are the 3 types

Answer 49

-they contract and moving structures attach to it -skeletal, smooth cardiac

Question 50

describe skeletal muscle tissues

Answer 50

-usually attach to bones -controlled by voluntary actions -long and thread like, contain many nuclei, have striations, long cylindral -contracts when stimulated by never cell

Question 51

describe smooth muscle tissues

Answer 51

-spindle shaped cells, one central nucleus, not striated -in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels -involuntarily controlled

Question 52

describe cardiac muscle tissues

Answer 52

-only found in the heart -striated cells, with single nucleus, joined by intercalated disc and form branches -involuntarily controlled -pump blood

Question 53

nervous tissue is found in the ... (3)

Answer 53

-brain -spinal cord -peripheral nerves

Question 54

what are the main cells in nervous tissues? what do they do? what are the supporting cells in nervous tissues?

Answer 54

-neurons -coordinate, regulate, and integrate body activities -neuroglia