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psych 4 > ch5.1 > Flashcards

ch5.1 Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which our sensory receptors and
nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our
environment.

A

sensation

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2
Q

what is transduction and what is it under

A

the transformation of physical energy into electrical signals

under sensation

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3
Q

the process by which our brain organizes and
interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and
events as meaningful

A

perception

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4
Q

bottom up processing

A

perception that proceeds by
transducing environmental stimuli into neural impulses that
move successively into more complex brain regions
üWhen you look at someone you know, your eyes convert light
energy into neural impulses, which go to your visual regions

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5
Q

top down processing

A

perception processes led by
cognitive processes, such as memory or expectations
üWhen you look at someone you know, brain regions that store
information about what faces look like, specifically those you
know, help you to perceive and recognize the visual stimuli

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6
Q

empiricists

A

Infants must learn to interpret sensations.
* William James’s “blooming, buzzing confusion

nurture

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7
Q

nativists

A

Basic perceptual abilities are innate.
* René Descartes, Immanuel Kant

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8
Q

piagets enrichment theory

A

Cognitive schemes are needed to make sense of sensory
information.

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9
Q

differentiation theory gibson

A
  • Sensory information can be interpreted on its own.
  • Children learn to detect distinctive features
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10
Q

each of our senseory systems __

A

converts a narrow window of
physical stimuli into electrical neural signals used by the brain

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11
Q

sensory receptor cells

A

specialized cells to convert (sensory
transduction) specific stimuli into neural impulse

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12
Q

olfactory cells

A

smell
odorants/ airborne chemicals

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13
Q

somatosensory cells

A

touch, heat, pain
pressure or damage to skin

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14
Q

gustatory

A

taste
chemicals typically in foodaud

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15
Q

auditory

A

hearing
sound waves

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16
Q

visual

A

sight
light/ photons

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17
Q

signal detection theory

A

a
technique used
to determine the
ability of the
perceiver to
separate true
signals from
background
noise

a technique used to
determine the ability of the perceiver to separate true
signals from background noise
* The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a
particular stimulus 50% of the time
* The stimulus you cannot detect 50% of the time is
a subliminal stimulus

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18
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest amount of a stimulus
that one can detect

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19
Q

subliminal stimulus

A

The stimulus you cannot detect 50% of the time

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20
Q

absolute threshold for smell

A

drop of perfume diffused throughout a six room apartment

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21
Q

absolute threshold for taste

A

5 ml of sugar in 9 l water

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22
Q

absolute threshold for touch

A

an insects wing falling on cheek form height of cm

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23
Q

absolute threshold for hearing

A

tick of a watch at 6 m in a quiet room

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24
Q

absolute threshold for sight

A

candle flame 50 km away on a clear dark night

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25
Q

difference threhsold

A

the minimal difference between
two stimuli necessary for detection of a difference
between the two
* To function effectively, we need absolute threshold low
enough to allow us to detect important sights, sounds,
textures, taste and smell
* We also need to detect small differences among stimuli

26
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a process whereby
repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to
a reduced response
* Not noticing the sirens by the hospital anymore
* That tag on your shirt was bothering you this
morning, and now you don’t notice it

27
Q

what sense is particularly adaptive

A

smell

28
Q

perceptual sets

A

our readiness to
interpret a certain stimulus in a certain
way
* Ambiguous stimuli can be interpreted in
different ways
* Our memories, experiences and
expectations influence our perception

29
Q

what kind of processing does perception require

A

both bottom up and top down

30
Q

what produces light

A

electromagnetic radiation

31
Q

what is light made up of

A

photons

32
Q

visible spectrum range

A

380/400-700 nm

33
Q

different wavelengths appear to us as

A

different colours

34
Q

reflective light is ____

A

brighter

35
Q

how do we see light process of light entering eye

A

Light enters the eye, and muscles in the
iris adjust the size of the pupil to let in
more or less light.
* The lens serves to focus the light onto
the retina (sheet of nerve cells
containing receptors for vision)
* The retina contains all receptor cells
(rods and cones)
* Here light is transduced into a neural signal
* The blind spot or optic disc.

36
Q

what muscle adjustts size of pupil

A

muscle in iris

37
Q

sheet of nerve cells containing receptors for vision

A

retina

38
Q

where is light transduced into a neural signal

A

retina

39
Q

where is the blindspot

A

in the back of the eye where the optic nerve goes to brain

40
Q

transduce light
waves into neural impulses

A

rods and cones

41
Q

used for periphery and night vision

many more of these

responsive to dark and light

A

rods

42
Q

used for central and
colour vision, fovea (centre of
retina) is all of these

A

cones

43
Q

cones and rods project to

A

interneurons,
which communicate with ganglion cells
in the retina

44
Q

ganglion cells do what

A

send visual input to the
brain via the optic nerve

45
Q

what is vision suscpetible to

A

Vision is still susceptible to sensory
adaptation
* When you first enter a dark room and
can’t see but your eyes adapt

46
Q

visual information may be processed in __ pathways

A

parallel
pathways
* The “where pathway”
* The “what pathway”

47
Q

The experience of colour can be described along 3 dimensions

A
  1. Hue: based on wavelength (e.g., red, green, yellow)
  2. Saturation: purity of colour (red is saturated while
    pink is desaturated)
  3. Brightness: how much light emanates or is reflected,
    its intensity (white is the brightest and black the least
    bright)
48
Q

trichromatic theory

A

three different receptors for colour
each responding to different wavelengths of light

Any colour can be created by three primary colours - red, blue and green
* Proposed by Young and Helmholtz
* The retina has no separate receptors sensitive to yellow, but if both red and green-sensitive cones are stimulated, we see yellow.

49
Q

is trichromatic thoery likely

A

Not likely, as we can see many more than three colours
* Why does yellow appear a pure colour?

50
Q

opponent process theory

A

colour pairs work to inhibit one another

51
Q

afterimages

A

used in opponent process thoery

edward hering

52
Q

what are the colour pairs in opponent p theory

A

Green-red; blue-yellow; and black-white cannot be mixed
rocess

53
Q

explain opponent process thoery

A

Colour processing depends on three sets of opposing retinal
processes - red-green, blue-yellow and white-black
* As impulses travel from the optic nerve to the visual cortex, some neurons are turned on by red and off by green.
* You stared at the green area, this tired your green response.
Then you stare at the white, and only the red part of the red- green pair responds.

54
Q

colour blindness

A

fail to see the same range of colours

Most commonly between red and
green
* 1 in 12 men, and 1 in 200 women

55
Q

monochromatic colour blindness

A

only see black,
white, and grey
* 1 in 33000 unable to see any colour

56
Q

visual perception follows a ______ organizatio

A

top down

57
Q

our perception is influenced by

A

our memory
of past experiences and our expectations

58
Q

depth perception

A

Our ability to see objects in three dimensions,
although the images that strike the retina are two-
dimensional
* Allow us to judge distances

59
Q

what kind of cues to we use to judge depth

A

binocular and monocular cues

60
Q

what do binocular cues include

A

convergence and retinal
disparity

61
Q

convergence

A

inward
movement of the eyes
to view objects close to
oneself
* When looking at close-up objects, your
eye angles inward

62
Q
A

psych 4 (14 decks)

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