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Biopsych Midterm 3 > Ch.6 Pt.1 > Flashcards

Ch.6 Pt.1 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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0
Q

Wavelength

A

The property of light that allows us to perceive color

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1
Q

What 2 things can light be thought of as?

A
  1. Particles of energy (photons)

2. Waves of electromagnetic radiation

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2
Q

Intensity

A

The property of light that allows us to perceive brightness

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3
Q

Humans see light between _____ to ____ nanometers

A

380- 760

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4
Q

What does light enters the eye through?

A

The pupil

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5
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability to see when light is dim (pupil dilates)

- decrease in depth of focus

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6
Q

Pupil size changes in response to what? Between what two things does it allow a dynamic compromise for?

A

Changes in illumination

- pupil adjustment allows for a dynamic compromise between SENSITIVITY and ACUITY

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7
Q

Acuity

A

The ability to see details (pupil constricts)

-Increase of in depth focus

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8
Q

What does the Lens and Ciliary Muscles do?

A
  • Focuses light onto the Retina

- Alter the shape of the lens as needed

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9
Q

Describe the process of Accommodation to do with the Lens

A

The process of adjusting the lens to bring images into focus. Problem with accommodation are usually fixed by wearing glasses

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10
Q

What’s a common disease of the lens?

A

Cataracts (eyes looks foggy)

- develops as a result of again, metabolic disorders, trauma or heredity

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11
Q

Normal vision occurs when?

A

When light is focused directly on the Retina rather than in front or behind it

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12
Q

Nearsightedness occurs when?

A

Visual image is focused in front of the Retina

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13
Q

Farsightedness occurs when?

A

Visual image is focussed behind the Retina

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14
Q

EYE POSITION AND BINOCULAR DISPARITY

A

.

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15
Q

Convergence

A

Eye must turn slightly inward when objects are close (greater when objects are close together. They provide brain with 3D image and distance information)

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16
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

The differences between the images on the 2 Retinas (greater when objects are close together. They provide brain with 3D image and distance information)

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17
Q

The Retina

A
  • Inside out

- Light passes through several cell layers before reaching its receptors

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18
Q

Verticle Pathway of the Retina?

A

Receptors > bipolar cells > retinal ganglion cells

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19
Q

Lateral communication of the Retina

A
  • Horizontal Cells: interactions between receptors (rods/cones)
  • Amacrine Cells: interaction between bipolar cells
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20
Q

FIND OUT MORE

A

.

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21
Q

What are the 2 ways Retinal Neurons communicate?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Chemically via synapse

2. Electrically via gap junctions

22
Q

What are the 2 challenged with this “inside out” organization?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Light is distorted while passing through these cells before they refract forward of the back of the eye
  2. The axons of the Retinal Ganglions Cells (the optic nerve) need to leave the eye.. Therefore there needs to be a gap in receptors - this is the Blind Spot
23
Q

Solution to the distortion of light as it travels through the layers of the retina is?

Study These Flashcards
A

The Fovea: high acuity area at the centre of the retina

- thinning of the ganglion cell layer reduced distortion due to cells between the pupil and the retina

24
What is the spot called where information exits the eye?
The blind spot | - the visual system uses information from cells around the blind spot for "completion", filling in the blind spot
25
What is the Duplexitry Theory of Vision?
Cones and Rods mediate different kinds of vision. Differing in 2 ways: Through Convergence and Divergence
26
Cones
Photopic (daytime) vision - High acuity, colour information, used in good lighting - Low convergence - More Cones situated in the middle - only cones at the fovea
27
Rods
Scotopic (nighttime vision) - High - sensitivity, allowing for low-acuity vision in dim light, but lack detail and colour information - High convergence - More rods laterally
28
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
.
29
Why can Wavelength also influence our perception of brightness?
Because our visual system isn't equally sensitive to all wavelengths of light
30
Photopic (cone) and Scotopic (rod)
There are different spectral sensitivity curves for these 2 forms of vision
31
Purkinje Effect
- During the day photopic vision is predominant - the sensitivity of these rods is maximal in the yellow range - During the night scotopic vision is predominant - the sensitivity of these cones is maximal in the blue green range
32
Despite the distribution of cones, crisp colour vision isn't limited to the centre of our visual field. Why?
- We continually scan the world with small and quick eye movements: saccades - These bits of information are then integrated - The visual system responds to change. Making these eye movements critical for our visual processing. If the image projected to the retina remains stable in space objects start 'disappearing'
33
What is Transduction?
Conversion of one form of energy to another
34
What is Visual Transduction?
Conversion of light to neural signals by visual receptors
35
What do Pigments do?
Absorb light
36
What is Rhodopsin?
A photopigment that absorbs light maximally at ~ 500 nm. - Presence of rhodopsin in cones explains their spectral sensitivity distribution - Pigment found in rods
37
A G-protein-linked receptor that responds to light rather than to neurotransmitters ( Interacts with Na+ channels
1. In the dark (constitutive release): Na+ channels remain partially open (partial depolarization), releasing glutamate 2. When Light Strike (inhibitory): 'Breaks down' cGMP that is holding the Na+ channels open - Na+ channels close - Rods become hyperbolized - Glutamte release is reduced
38
Visual Field In the Retina
- The left visual field falls upon the nasal retina of the left eye, and the temporal retina of the right eye - Only nasal retinal ganglion cells of each eye send their axons across the midline, forming the OPTIC CHIASM
39
What projects where?
The right visual projects tot he left hemisphere and the left visual project to the right hemisphere
40
Name 2 significant of the Retinal-geniculate-striate pathways
1. Sends signals from the retina to primary visual cortex | 2. 90% of retinal ganglion axons makes up this projection
41
What does the nasal hemiretina of each eye do?
It bifurcates at the optic chasm then projects to LGN
42
What does the temporal hemiretina of each eye do?
Remains ipsilateral then projects to LGN
43
Where do most LGN neurones that project to primary visual cortex (V1, striate cortex) terminate?
In the lower part of cortical layer IV (4)
44
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
- It is composed of 6 layers - 3 from the contralateral portion of the respective visual field - And 3 from the ipsilateral respective visual field
45
Retinotopic Organization
Literally the LGN is like a map of the reina - Information received at adjacent portions of the retina remains adjacent in the LGN the optic radiation and the striate cortex (reintopic)
46
More cortex is devoted to ares of what?
High acuity - like the disproportionate representation of sensitive body parts somatosensory cortex
47
What percent of the primary visual cortex is dedicated to the fovea?
25%
48
The LGN is divided into what 2 streams?
- The Dorsal 4 layers which are called the P layers | - The Ventral 2 layers which are called the M layers
49
The P Layers
The cells in these 4 layers (3-6) are very small - they are called parvocellular
50
The M layers
The cells in these 2 layers (1-2) are large hence the cells there are termed magnocellular
51
What does M Layer stand for?
- Magnocellular Layer (1-2) - Large cells - Large receptive fields - Responsive to movement - Primarily innervated by RODS
52
What does the P Layer stand for?
- Parvocellualr Layer (3-6) - Small Cells - Small Receptive Fields - Responsive to colour, fine details, and stationary objects - Primarily innervated by cones

Biopsych Midterm 3 (4 decks)

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