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psych 4 > ch6.1 > Flashcards

ch6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does consciousness require

A
  • Requires attention and awareness
  • It is our immediate awareness of our internal and
    external states
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2
Q

continum of consciousness

A

ranging from full
awareness to deep sleep
* These are the dimensions of
consciousness

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3
Q

wakefulness

A

degree of alertness
(awake vs asleep)

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4
Q

awareness

A

monitoring external
and internal information

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5
Q

states of consciousness that occur spontaneously

A

daydreaming, drowsiness and dreaming

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6
Q

physiologically induced states of consciousness

A

Hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation

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7
Q

psychologically induced states of consciousness

A

Sensory deprivation, hypnosis and meditation

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8
Q

how do we measure states of consciousness using gasgow

A

The Glasgow Coma Scale
* Score of 13 or less = Mild
* Score between 8 and 12 =
Moderate
* Less than 8 = Severe

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9
Q

what is the downside of using the gasgow coma scale

A

using motor activity is insufficient

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10
Q

what are the ways of using states of consciousness using machines

A
  • fMRI
  • The patient shows activation in the
    posterior parietal lobe,
    Parahippocampal gyrus and lateral
    premotor cortex
  • EEG
  • Event-related potentials (ERP)
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11
Q

what are the two types of attention processes

A

controlled versuss automatic processes

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12
Q

selective attention

A

focusing
conscious awareness on a
particular stimulus
* The cocktail party effect

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13
Q

inattentional blindess

A

Failing to see visible objects
when our attention is directed
elsewhere

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14
Q

change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the
environment environment; a form
of inattentional blindness

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15
Q

preconsciousness

A

level of awareness in which
information is readily available if necessary
* What did you have for lunch yesterday?
* Sometimes considered automatic behavioursu

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16
Q

unsconscious states

A

information is not easily accessible
to conscious awareness
* Cannot remember the name of your elementary school music
teacher
* Days later, the information jumps out at you

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17
Q

freuds view of unconsciousnsess

A

A key function of the unconscious is to
house memories too painful or
disturbing for the consciousness
* This material can make its way to the
conscious mind
* Freudian slip
* Can work against us through
psychological disorder

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18
Q

dual processing theory

A

Perception, memory language etc, operate on two independent
levels:
* Conscious (deliberate highroad): Sequential processing
* Processing one aspect of a stimulus at a time
* Unconscious (automatic low road): Parallel processing
* Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
* Much of our everyday thinking, feeling and acting operate
outside our conscious awareness

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19
Q

what are the two points of the dual processing thoery

A

conscious- deliberate highroad

unconscious- automatic low road

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20
Q

what are the four types of biological rhythms

A

infradian
ultradian
diurnal
circadian rhythm

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21
Q

infradian

A
  • More than 24 hours ( eg., menstrual cycle)
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22
Q

ultradian

A
  • Shorter period but higher frequency (temperature and hormones)
  • Alertness is associated with higher body temperature
  • Sleepiness linked to lower body temperature
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23
Q

diurnal

A

The rhythm synced with day and night. Behaviors that occur during the
daytime

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24
Q

circadian

A

(biological clock): A 24 hr
biological rhythm
*Pattern of sleep-wake cycles that in humans
roughly correspond to periods of day and night
* The brain’s clock is located in the SCN

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25
Q

what is the SCN

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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26
Q

what happens during the day - sleep wake cycle

A

During the day, photoreceptors in
the retina communicate to the SCN
and melatonin remains low

When we are exposed to light the
SCN extends the body’s day, and
other rhythms like body temperature
and melatonin production no longer
coordinate

27
Q

what are circadian rhythms responsible for

A

regulating the timing of various
activities, not just during the day but
also during the night.
* They influence sleep-wake patterns,
hormone release, body temperature,
and more.

28
Q

what shifts do we experinece when we sleep

A
  • We also experience shifts in blood pressure, hormone
    secretion, and sensitivity to pain
29
Q

what disrupts the biological clock

A

travel (jet lag) and
shift workcir

30
Q

circadian rhythm sleep disorder

A

excessive sleepiness or
insomnia due to a mismatch of their sleep cycle and that of
others in their environment
* However, the 24-hour clock can quickly be restored

31
Q

why do we sleep

A
  • There is no real consensus
  • The brain does not ‘rest’ when we’re
    asleep
  • All animals sleep, we’ll die if deprived
    for too long
  • Their sleep needs are related in part
    to how much awake time is needed to
    obtain food and protect themselves
    from predators
    Siegel, 2005.
32
Q

adaptive thoery of sleep

A

theory that organisms
sleep for the purpose of self-preservation, to keep
away from predators

33
Q

restorative theory of sleep

A

holds that sleep
restores our brains and bodies
* Sleep deprivation reduces immune system functioning
* Burns on rats take longer to heal when sleep-deprived

34
Q

reasons why we sleep/ sleeps fuctions

A

Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading
memories of the day’s experience:
* strengthening neural connections
* reactivates recent experiences stored in the hippocampus
and shift to elsewhere.
* Sleep supports growth: The pituitary gland releases
human growth hormones during night’s sleep

35
Q

how long are the stages of sleep, what are the numbers

A
  • 90-100 mins/cycle, ~
    5x/night, through 2 stages
    (NREM and REM)
36
Q

stage 1 of sleep

A

Stage 1 – transition into sleep (~ 20 mins)
* Alpha waves change to theta waves
* Heart rates slow, and blood pressure decreases
* Experience hypnagogic state, hypnagogic hallucinations, and
myoclonic jerks

37
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A

Stage 2 – harder to wake (after 20 mins)
* Slowing of brainwaves
* Sleep spindles (bursts of rapid brain waves)
* Aids memory processing
* Rhythmic breathing, occasional body twitches, but generally
relaxed
* Theta brain waves
* Near the end, brainwaves slow to delta waves (deep sleep)

38
Q

stage 3 of sleep

A

Stage 3 – deeper sleep (~30 mins)
* Large slow delta waves
* Slow heart rate, brain and body in total relaxation
* Difficult to wake
* Sleepwalking and bed wetting more likely

39
Q

stage 4 of sleep

A

Stage 4– Rapid Eye Movement
(REM)(5-15 mins)
* Rapid and jagged brainwaves (just
like being awake)
* Increased heart rate, rapid and
irregular breathing, and dreaming

  • Paradoxical sleep: deep sleep and relaxed, but considerable
    brain activity
  • The eye movements announce a beginning of a dream
  • Dreams are not real but REM sleep tricks your brain into
    responding as if they were real
  • Genitals even become aroused, except for scary dreams
  • Your motor cortex is active but the brain stem block it’s
    messages
40
Q

dreams

A
  • Emotional, story-like sensory experiences typically during
    REM
  • Actions in dreams run in real time
41
Q

dreams- information processing thoery

A
  • Dreams involve processing information from the
    day (i.e., encoding memory and problem-solving)
  • People tend to spend more time in REM if they
    have experienced multiple stressors or extensive
    learning
  • Dreams are like reviewing voicemails received in the
    day and trying to decide which one’s to keep.
42
Q

dreams activation synthesis hypothesis

A
  • During sleep, the brain has a lot of
    random activity via the brainstem that
    activates the sensory systems
  • Dreams reflect the brain’s efforts to
    make sense of or find meaning in the
    neural activity taking place during
    sleep – synthesizing
43
Q

dreams psychodynamic dream thoery

A
  • Dreams represent the expression of unconscious wishes
    or desires – usually unacceptable
  • Manifest Content: what you’re able to recall – actual
    event
  • Latent Content: unconscious elements – symbolic
    meaning
44
Q

manifest content

A

what you’re able to recall – actual
event

45
Q

latent content

A

unconscious elements – symbolic
meaning

46
Q

nightmares

A

dreams filled with intense anxiety,
helplessness, powerlessness, danger
* More common among those under stress

47
Q

lucid dreams

A

are when the sleeper knows they’re dreaming
and can actively guide the outcomes

48
Q

daydreams

A

fantasies that occur while one is awake and
aware of external reality but is not fully conscious

49
Q

as we age, how is rem and non rem sleep affected

A

children spend most time in rem and more time in non rem

as we age both decrease

50
Q

sleep deprivation

A

Sleep Debt
* Without enough sleep, we can feel
depressed, have lower productivity, lower
immune system responses, and are more
apt to make mistakes
* Problems arise from unexpected events,
distractions, or the need to revise a task

51
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. It’s the
most common sleep disorder
* Often triggered by stress, it is more common in older people

52
Q

what is insomnia triggered by

A

stress- common in older people
most common sleep disorder

53
Q

sleep apnea

A

repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night,
depriving the brain of oxygen and frequent awakenings. It’s the
second most common
* The brain fails to send a breathing signal, throat muscles become too
relaxed, which, in extreme cases, can lead to cardiac arrest

54
Q

narcolepsy

A

marked by an uncontrollable urge to fall asleep. May
suddenly fall into REM and awake feeling refreshed.
* Some experience loss of muscle tone. Appears to be inherited

55
Q

sleepwalking

A

most often takes place during the first 3h of
sleep. Occurs in 5% of children
* Get up and walk around. Usually avoid complex activities, stairs, and
obstacles, but accidents happen. Appears to be inherited

56
Q

night terrors

A

are related to sleepwalking. People awake
suddenly screaming in fear and agitated, increased heart rate
and breathing
* More common among children. This tends to occur in Stages 3 & 4

57
Q

hypnosis

A

altered state of consciousness
during which people can be directed to act or
experience the world in unusual ways
* Guided into a suggestible state, must involve the
person’s willingness to relinquish control
* Susceptibility appears to be inherited
* 15% are susceptible, and 10% are ‘immune’

58
Q

what area is readily influecnced by hypnotists

A

motor control

59
Q

posthypnotic response

A

a predetermined signal that elicits a
response after being roused from hypnosis

60
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

directed to forget something learned
during hypnosish

61
Q

hypnotic hallucinations

A

guided to experience or not
experience events or objects

62
Q

effects of hypnosis

A

physical ability
memory
amnesia
pain releif
sensory changes

63
Q
A

psych 4 (14 decks)

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