CH7: Test Bank - Stock Market..

Question 1

A stockholder’s ownership of a company’s stock gives her the right to -
A) vote and be the primary claimant of all cash flows.
B) vote and be the residual claimant of all cash flows.
C) manage and assume responsibility for all liabilities.
D) vote and assume responsibility for all liabilities.

Answer 1

Answer:
B) vote and be the residual claimant of all cash flows.

Question 2

Stockholders are residual claimants, meaning that they -
A) have the first priority claim on all of a company’s assets.
B) are liable for all of a company’s debts.
C) will never share in a company’s profits.
D) receive the remaining cash flow after all other claims are paid.

Answer 2

Answer:
D) receive the remaining cash flow after all other claims are paid.

Question 3

Periodic payments of net earnings to shareholders are known as -
A) capital gains.
B) dividends.
C) profits.
D) interest.

Answer 3

Answer:
B) dividends.

Question 4

The value of any investment is found by computing the -
A) present value of all future sales.
B) present value of all future liabilities.
C) future value of all future expenses.
D) present value of all future cash flows.

Answer 4

Answer:
D) present value of all future cash flows.

Question 5

In the one-period valuation model, the value of a share of stock today depends upon -
A) the present value of both the dividends and the expected sales price.
B) only the present value of the future dividends.
C) the actual value of the dividends and expected sales price received in one year.
D) the future value of dividends and the actual sales price.

Answer 5

Answer:
A) the present value of both the dividends and the expected sales price

Question 6

In the one-period valuation model, the current stock price increases if -
A) the expected sales price increases.
B) the expected sales price falls.
C) the required return increases.
D) dividends are cut.

Answer 6

Answer:
A) the expected sales price increases

Question 7

In the one-period valuation model, an increase in the required return on investments in equity -
A) increases the expected sales price of a stock.
B) increases the current price of a stock.
C) reduces the expected sales price of a stock.
D) reduces the current price of a stock.

Answer 7

Answer:
D) reduces the current price of a stock.

Question 8

In a one-period valuation model, a decrease in the required return on investments in equity causes a(n) ( ) in the ( ) price of a stock.
A) increase; current
B) increase; expected sales
C) decrease; current
D) decrease; expected sales

Answer 8

Answer:
A) increase; current

Question 9

Using the one-period valuation model, assuming a year-end dividend of $0.11, an expected sales price of $110, and a required rate of return of 10%, the current price of the stock would be -
A) $110.11.
B) $121.12.
C) $100.10.
D) $100.11

Answer 9

Answer:
C) $100.10

Question 10

Using the one-period valuation model, assuming a year-end dividend of $1.00, an expected sales price of $100, and a required rate of return of 5%, the current price of the stock would be -
A) $110.00.
B) $101.00.
C) $100.00.
D) $96.19.

Answer 10

Answer:
D) $96.19

Question 11

In the generalized dividend model, if the expected sales price is in the distant future -
A) it does not affect the current stock price.
B) it is more important than dividends in determining the current stock price.
C) it is equally important with dividends in determining the current stock price.
D) it is less important than dividends but still affects the current stock price.

Answer 11

Answer:
A) it does not affect the current stock price.

Question 12

In the generalized dividend model, a future sales price far in the future does not affect the current stock price because -
A) the present value cannot be computed.
B) the present value is almost zero.
C) the sales price does not affect the current price.
D) the stock may never be sold.

Answer 12

Answer:
B) the present value is almost zero.

Question 13

In the generalized dividend model, the current stock price is the sum of -
A) the actual value of the future dividend stream.
B) the present value of the future dividend stream.
C) the present value of the future dividend stream plus the actual future sales price.
D) the present value of the future sales price.

Answer 13

Answer:
B) the present value of the future dividend stream.

Question 14

Using the Gordon growth model, a stock’s current price will increase if -
A) the dividend growth rate increases.
B) the growth rate of dividends falls.
C) the required rate of return on equity rises.
D) the expected sales price rises.

Answer 14

Answer:
A) the dividend growth rate increases.

Question 15

Using the Gordon growth model, a stock’s current price decreases when -
A) the dividend growth rate increases.
B) the required return on equity decreases.
C) the expected dividend payment increases.
D) the growth rate of dividends decreases.

Answer 15

Answer:
D) the growth rate of dividends decreases.

Question 16

In the Gordon growth model, a decrease in the required rate of return on equity -
A) increases the current stock price.
B) increases the future stock price.
C) reduces the future stock price.
D) reduces the current stock price.

Answer 16

Answer:
A) increases the current stock price.

Question 17

Using the Gordon growth formula, if D1 is $2.00, ke is 12% or 0.12, and g is 10% or 0.10, then the current stock price is -
A) $20.
B) $50.
C) $100.
D) $150.

Answer 17

Answer:
C) $100

Question 18

Using the Gordon growth formula, if D1 is $1.00, ke is 10% or 0.10, and g is 5% or 0.05, then the current stock price is -
A) $10.
B) $20.
C) $30.
D) $40.

Answer 18

Answer:
B) $20

Question 19

Using the Gordon growth model, if D1 is $.50, ke is 7%, and g is 5%, then the present value of the stock is -
A) $2.50.
B) $25.
C) $50.
D) $46.73.

Answer 19

Answer:
B) $25

Question 20

One of the assumptions of the Gordon Growth Model is that dividends will continue growing at ( ) rate.
A) an increasing
B) a fast
C) a constant
D) an escalating

Answer 20

Answer:
C) a constant

Question 21

In the Gordon Growth Model, the growth rate is assumed to be ( ) the required return on equity.
A) greater than
B) equal to
C) less than
D) proportional to

Answer 21

Answer:
C) less than

Question 22

A corporation’s dividend payment is set by -
A) its board of directors.
B) its debtholders.
C) the corporation’s CFO (chief financial officer).
D) the stockholders themselves.

Answer 22

Answer:
A) its board of directors

Question 23

You believe that a corporation’s dividends will grow 5% on average into the foreseeable future. If the company’s last dividend payment was $5 what should be the current price of the stock assuming a 12% required return?
(Hint: Use the Gordon Growth Model)

Answer 23

Answer:
$5(1 + .05)/(.12 - .05) = $75

Question 24

In asset markets, an asset’s price is -
A) set equal to the highest price a seller will accept.
B) set equal to the highest price a buyer is willing to pay.
C) set equal to the lowest price a seller is willing to accept.
D) set by the buyer willing to pay the highest price.

Answer 24

Answer:
D) set by the buyer willing to pay the highest price.

Question 25

**What rights does ownership interest give stockholders?**

Answer 25

Answer: **Stockholders have the right to vote on issues brought before the stockholders, be the residual claimant, that is, receive a portion of any net earnings of the corporation, and the right to sell the stock.**

Question 26

**Information plays an important role in asset pricing because it allows the buyer to more accurately judge -** A) liquidity. B) risk. C) capital. D) policy.

Answer 26

Answer: **B) risk**

Question 27

New information that might lead to a decrease in a stock's price might be - A) an expected decrease in the level of future dividends. B) a decrease in the required rate of return. C) an expected increase in the dividend growth rate. D) an expected increase in the future sales price

Answer 27

Answer: **A) an expected decrease in the level of future dividends.**

Question 28

**A change in perceived risk of a stock changes -** A) the expected dividend growth rate. B) the expected sales price. C) the required rate of return. D) the current dividend.

Answer 28

Answer: **C) the required rate of return.**

Question 29

**A stock's price will fall if there is -** A) a decrease in perceived risk. B) an increase in the required rate of return. C) an increase in the future sales price. D) current dividends are high.

Answer 29

Answer: **B) an increase in the required rate of return.**

Question 30

**A monetary expansion ( ) stock prices due to a decrease in the ( ) and an increase in the ( ), everything else held constant.** A) reduces; future sales price; expected rate of return B) reduces; current dividend; expected rate of return C) increases; required rate of return; future sales price D) increases; required rate of return; dividend growth rate

Answer 30

Answer: **D) increases; required rate of return; dividend growth rate**

Question 31

**The coronavirus pandemic lead to a decline in stock prices because -** A) of a lowered expected dividend growth rate. B) of a lowered required return on investment in equity. C) higher expected future stock prices. D) higher current dividends.

Answer 31

Answer: **A) of a lowered expected dividend growth rate.**

Question 32

**Increased uncertainty resulting from the coronavirus pandemic ( ) the required return on investment in equity.** A) raised B) lowered C) had no impact on D) decreased

Answer 32

Answer: **A) raised**

Question 33

**Economists have focused more attention on the formation of expectations in recent years. This increase in interest can probably best be explained by the recognition that -** A) expectations influence the behavior of participants in the economy and thus have a major impact on economic activity. B) expectations influence only a few individuals, have little impact on the overall economy, but can have important effects on a few markets. C) expectations influence many individuals, have little impact on the overall economy, but can have distributional effects. D) models that ignore expectations have little predictive power, even in the short run.

Answer 33

Answer: **A) expectations influence the behavior of participants in the economy and thus have a major impact on economic activity.**

Question 34

**The view that expectations change relatively slowly over time in response to new information is known in economics as -** A) rational expectations. B) irrational expectations. C) slow-response expectations. D) adaptive expectations.

Answer 34

Answer: **D) adaptive expectations.**

Question 35

**If expectations of the future inflation rate are formed solely on the basis of a weighted average of past inflation rates, then economists would say that expectation formation is -** A) irrational. B) rational. C) adaptive. D) reasonable.

Answer 35

Answer: **C) adaptive.**

Question 36

**If expectations are formed adaptively, then people -** A) use more information than just past data on a single variable to form their expectations of that variable. B) often change their expectations quickly when faced with new information. C) use only the information from past data on a single variable to form their expectations of that variable. D) never change their expectations once they have been made.

Answer 36

Answer: **C) use only the information from past data on a single variable to form their expectations of that variable.**

Question 37

**If during the past decade the average rate of monetary growth has been 5% and the average inflation rate has been 5%, everything else held constant, when the Federal Reserve announces that the new rate of monetary growth will be 10%, the adaptive expectation forecast of the inflation rate is -** A) 5%. B) between 5 and 10%. C) 10%. D) more than 10%.

Answer 37

Answer: **A) 5%.**

Question 38

**The major criticism of the view that expectations are formed adaptively is that -** A) this view ignores that people use more information than just past data to form their expectations. B) it is easier to model adaptive expectations than it is to model rational expectations. C) adaptive expectations models have no predictive power. D) people are irrational and therefore never learn from past mistakes.

Answer 38

Answer: **A) this view ignores that people use more information than just past data to form their expectations**

Question 39

**In rational expectations theory, the term "optimal forecast" is essentially synonymous with -** A) correct forecast. B) the correct guess. C) the actual outcome. D) the best guess.

Answer 39

Answer: **D) the best guess**

Question 40

**If a forecast is made using all available information, then economists say that the expectation formation is -** A) rational. B) irrational. C) adaptive. D) reasonable.

Answer 40

Answer: **A) rational.**

Question 41

**If a forecast made using all available information is NOT perfectly accurate, then it is -** A) still a rational expectation. B) not a rational expectation. C) an adaptive expectation. D) a second-best expectation

Answer 41

Answer: **A) still a rational expectation**

Question 42

**If expectations are formed rationally, then individuals -** A) will have a forecast that is 100% accurate all of the time. B) change their forecast when faced with new information. C) use only the information from past data on a single variable to form their forecast. D) have forecast errors that are persistently low.

Answer 42

Answer: **B) change their forecast when faced with new information**

Question 43

**If additional information is not used when forming an optimal forecast because it is not available at that time, then expectations are -** A) obviously formed irrationally. B) still considered to be formed rationally. C) formed adaptively. D) formed equivalently.

Answer 43

Answer: **B) still considered to be formed rationally.**

Question 44

**An expectation may fail to be rational if -** A) relevant information was not available at the time the forecast is made. B) relevant information is available but ignored at the time the forecast is made. C) information changes after the forecast is made. D) information was available to insiders only.

Answer 44

Answer: **B) relevant information is available but ignored at the time the forecast is made.**

Question 45

**According to rational expectations theory, forecast errors of expectations -** A) are more likely to be negative than positive. B) are more likely to be positive than negative. C) tend to be persistently high or low. D) are unpredictable.

Answer 45

Answer: **D) are unpredictable**

Question 46

**When using rational expectations, forecast errors will, on average, be ( ) and ( ) be predicted ahead of time.** A) positive; can B) positive; cannot C) negative; can D) zero; cannot

Answer 46

Answer: **D) zero; cannot**

Question 47

**People have a strong incentive to form rational expectations because -** A) they are guaranteed of success in the stock market. B) it is costly not to do so. C) it is costly to do so. D) everyone wants to be rational.

Answer 47

Answer: **B) it is costly not to do so.**

Question 48

**If market participants notice that a variable behaves differently now than in the past, then, according to rational expectations theory, we can expect market participants to -** A) change the way they form expectations about future values of the variable. B) begin to make systematic mistakes. C) no longer pay close attention to movements in this variable. D) give up trying to forecast this variable.

Answer 48

Answer: **A) change the way they form expectations about future values of the variable.**

Question 49

**According to rational expectations -** A) expectations of inflation are viewed as being an average of past inflation rates. B) expectations of inflation are viewed as being an average of expected future inflation rates. C) expectations formation indicates that changes in expectations occur slowly over time as past data change. D) expectations will not differ from optimal forecasts using all available information.

Answer 49

Answer: **D) expectations will not differ from optimal forecasts using all available information.**

Question 50

**On rainy days, Jennifer's commute time to work averages 45 minutes. Before leaving, Jennifer hears on the radio that a street on her route is closed due to high water. She plans to add an additional 15 minutes to her commute because of the detour. This decision represents -** A) rational expectations. She is changing her expectations to reflect new information. B) adaptive expectations. She is adapting her plan to what she heard. C) irrational expectations. Everyone knows that radio news is unreliable. D) irrational expectations. She should just call in sick and not get out in the bad weather.

Answer 50

Answer: **A) rational expectations. She is changing her expectations to reflect new information.**

Question 51

**The theory of rational expectations, when applied to financial markets, is known as -** A) monetarism. B) the efficient markets hypothesis. C) the theory of strict liability. D) the theory of impossibility.

Answer 51

Answer: **B) the efficient markets hypothesis.**

Question 52

**Suppose Barbara looks out in the morning and sees a clear sky so decides that a picnic for lunch is a good idea. Last night the weather forecast included a 100% chance of rain by midday but Barbara did not watch the local news program. Is Barbara's prediction of good weather at lunch time rational? Why or why not?**

Answer 52

Answer: **No, this prediction is not using rational expectations. Although Barbara based her guess on the information that was available to her at the time, additional information was readily available that could have been used to improve her prediction.**

Question 53

**According to the efficient markets hypothesis, the current price of a financial security -** A) is the discounted net present value of future interest payments. B) is determined by the lowest successful bidder. C) fully reflects all available relevant information. D) is a result of none of the above.

Answer 53

Answer: **C) fully reflects all available relevant information.**

Question 54

**If the optimal forecast of the return on a security exceeds the equilibrium return, then -** A) the market is inefficient. B) no unexploited profit opportunities exist. C) the market is in equilibrium. D) the market is myopic.

Answer 54

Answer: **A) the market is inefficient.**

Question 55

**Another way to state the efficient markets hypothesis is: in an efficient market -** A) unexploited profit opportunities will be quickly eliminated. B) unexploited profit opportunities will never exist. C) all prices can be accurately predicted. D) every financial market participant must be well informed about securities.

Answer 55

Answer: **A) unexploited profit opportunities will be quickly eliminated.**

Question 56

**( ) occurs when market participants observe returns on a security that are larger than what is justified by the characteristics of that security and take action to quickly eliminate the unexploited profit opportunity.** A) Arbitrage B) Mediation C) Asset capitalization D) Market intercession

Answer 56

Answer: **A) Arbitrage**

Question 57

**The efficient markets hypothesis suggests that if an unexploited profit opportunity arises in an efficient market -** A) it will tend to go unnoticed for some time. B) it will be quickly eliminated. C) financial analysts are your best source of this information. D) all profits will be eliminated through taxation.

Answer 57

Answer: **B) it will be quickly eliminated.**

Question 58

**Financial markets quickly eliminate unexploited profit opportunities through changes in -** A) dividend payments. B) tax laws. C) asset prices. D) monetary policy.

Answer 58

Answer: **C) asset prices.**

Question 59

**The elimination of unexploited profit opportunities requires that ( ) market participants be well informed.** A) all B) a few C) zero D) many

Answer 59

Answer: **B) a few**

Question 60

**If future changes in stock prices are unpredictable, then we say that the stock prices follow a -** A) random walk. B) straight and narrow path. C) meandering path. D) generalized walk.

Answer 60

Answer: **A) random walk.**

Question 61

**When we describe stock prices as following a random walk, we mean that future changes in stock prices are -** A) unpredictable. B) increasing. C) decreasing. D) constant.

Answer 61

Answer: **A) unpredictable.**

Question 62

**The efficient markets hypothesis implies that future changes in exchange rates should for all practical purposes be -** A) unpredictable. B) set by each country. C) increasing. D) pegged to a standard such as the U.S. dollar or the Euro.

Answer 62

Answer: **A) unpredictable.**

Question 63

**According to the efficient markets hypothesis, purchasing the reports of financial analysts -** A) is likely to increase one's returns by an average of 10%. B) is likely to increase one's returns by about 3 to 5%. C) is not likely to be an effective strategy for increasing financial returns. D) is likely to increase one's returns by an average of about 2 to 3%.

Answer 63

Answer: **C) is not likely to be an effective strategy for increasing financial returns.**

Question 64

**You have observed that the forecasts of an investment advisor consistently outperform the other reported forecasts. The efficient markets hypothesis says that future forecasts by this advisor -** A) may or may not be better than the other forecasts. Past performance is no guarantee of the future. B) will always be the best of the group. C) will definitely be worse in the future. What goes up must come down. D) will be worse in the near future, but improve over time.

Answer 64

Answer: **A) may or may not be better than the other forecasts. Past performance is no guarantee of the future.**

Question 65

**Which of the following types of information most likely allows the exploitation of a profit opportunity?** A) financial analysts' published recommendations B) technical analysis C) hot tips from a stockbroker D) insider information

Answer 65

Answer: **D) insider information**

Question 66

**Sometimes one observes that the price of a company's stock falls after the announcement of favorable earnings. This phenomenon is -** A) clearly inconsistent with the efficient markets hypothesis. B) consistent with the efficient markets hypothesis if the earnings were not as high as anticipated. C) consistent with the efficient markets hypothesis if the earnings were not as low as anticipated. D) consistent with the efficient markets hypothesis if the favorable earnings were expected.

Answer 66

Answer: **B) consistent with the efficient markets hypothesis if the earnings were not as high as anticipated.**

Question 67

**You read a story in the newspaper announcing the proposed merger of Dell Computer and Gateway. The merger is expected to greatly increase Gateway's profitability. If you decide to invest in Gateway stock, you can expect to earn -** A) above average returns since you will share in the higher profits. B) above average returns since your stock price will definitely appreciate as higher profits are earned. C) below average returns since computer makers have low profit rates. D) a normal return since stock prices adjust to reflect expected changes in profitability almost immediately.

Answer 67

Answer: **D) a normal return since stock prices adjust to reflect expected changes in profitability almost immediately**.

Question 68

**The efficient markets hypothesis indicates that investors -** A) can use the advice of technical analysts to outperform the market. B) do better on average if they adopt a "buy and hold" strategy. C) let too many unexploited profit opportunities go by if they adopt a "buy and hold" strategy. D) do better if they purchase loaded mutual funds.

Answer 68

Answers: **B) do better on average if they adopt a "buy and hold" strategy.**

Question 69

**The efficient markets hypothesis suggests that investors -** A) should purchase no-load mutual funds which have low management fees. B) can use the advice of technical analysts to outperform the market. C) let too many unexploited profit opportunities go by if they adopt a "buy and hold" strategy. D) act on all "hot tips" they hear.

Answer 69

Answer: **A) should purchase no-load mutual funds which have low management fees.**

Question 70

**The advantage of a "buy-and-hold strategy" is that -** A) net profits will tend to be higher because there will be fewer brokerage commissions. B) losses will eventually be eliminated. C) the longer a stock is held, the higher will be its price. D) profits are guaranteed.

Answer 70

Answer: **A) net profits will tend to be higher because there will be fewer brokerage commissions.**

Question 71

**For small investors, the best way to pursue a "buy and hold" strategy is to -** A) buy and sell individual stocks frequently. B) buy no-load mutual funds with high management fees. C) buy no-load mutual funds with low management fees. D) buy load mutual funds.

Answer 71

Answer: **C) buy no-load mutual funds with low management fees.**

Question 72

**Does the efficient markets hypothesis imply that the average investor will not earn anything by purchasing stock?** A) No, the efficient market hypothesis implies that the average investor should not expect to receive abnormally high returns on a consistent basis. B) Yes, the efficient markets hypothesis implies that the best that the average investor can do is break even. C) No, the efficient market hypothesis implies that the investor will consistently earn abnormally high returns by purchasing stock. D) Yes, the efficient markets hypothesis implies that stock purchases are extremely risky and that the average investor has no hope of recovering any loss.

Answer 72

Answer: **A) No, the efficient market hypothesis implies that the average investor should not expect to receive abnormally high returns on a consistent basis.**

Question 73

**If a corporation announces that it expects quarterly earnings to increase by 25% and it actually sees an increase of 22%, what should happen to the price of the corporation's stock if the efficient markets hypothesis holds, everything else held constant?**

Answer 73

Answer: **The stock's price should fall. The price had adjusted based on the statement of expected earnings. When the actual number turned out to be lower than expected, the stock price changes to reflect the additional information.**

Question 74

**Your best friend calls and gives you the latest stock market "hot tip" that he heard at the health club. Should you act on this information? Why or why not?**

Answer 74

Answer: **No, if this information is readily available, it will already be reflected in the stock price.**

Question 75

**If in an efficient market all prices are correct and reflect market fundamentals, which of the following is a FALSE statement?** A) A stock that has done poorly in the past is more likely to do well in the future. B) One investment is as good as any other because the securities' prices are correct. C) A security's price reflects all available information about the intrinsic value of the security. D) Security prices can be used by managers to assess their cost of capital accurately.

Answer 75

Answer: **A) A stock that has done poorly in the past is more likely to do well in the future.**

Question 76

**The efficient markets hypothesis implies that prices in the stock market -** A) follow a definite pattern. B) are more likely to go up than down. C) always undervalue the true assets of a corporation. D) are unpredictable.

Answer 76

Answer: **D) are unpredictable.**

Question 77

**Stock market crashes lead us to believe that -** A) factors other than market fundamentals have an effect on asset prices. B) unexploited profit opportunities never exist. C) crashes are always predictable when market participants behave rationally. D) bubbles are a natural outcome of an efficient market.

Answer 77

Answer: **A) factors other than market fundamentals have an effect on asset prices.**

Question 78

**( ) is the field of study that applies concepts from social sciences such as psychology and sociology to help understand the behavior of securities prices.** A) Behavioral finance B) Strategical finance C) Methodical finance D) Procedural finance

Answer 78

Answer: **A) Behavioral finance**

Question 79

**If a market participant believes that a stock price is irrationally high, they may try to borrow stock from brokers to sell in the market and then make a profit by buying the stock back again after the stock falls in price. This practice is called** A) short selling. B) double dealing. C) undermining. D) long marketing.

Answer 79

Answer: **A) short selling.**

Question 80

**( ) means people are more unhappy when they suffer losses than they are happy when they achieve gains.** A) Loss fundamentals B) Loss aversion C) Loss leader D) Loss cycle

Answer 80

Answer: **B) Loss aversion**

Question 81

**Loss aversion can explain why very little ( ) actually takes place in the securities market.** A) short selling B) bargaining C) bartering D) negotiating

Answer 81

Answer: **A) short selling**

Question 82

**Psychologists have found that people tend to be ( ) in their own judgments.** A) underconfident B) overconfident C) indecisive D) insecure

Answer 82

Answer: **B) overconfident**

Question 83

**( ) and ( ) may provide an explanation for stock market bubbles.** A) Overconfidence; social contagion B) Underconfidence; social contagion C) Overconfidence; social isolationism D) Underconfidence; social isolationism

Answer 83

Answer: **A) Overconfidence; social contagion**

Question 84

**Investors tend to trade on their beliefs rather than on pure facts. This statement might explain why securities markets have ( ) that the efficient market hypothesis does not predict.** A) such a large trading volume B) short sales C) a random walk D) arbitrage

Answer 84

Answer: **A) such a large trading volume**