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psych 4 > ch7.1 > Flashcards

ch7.1 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

A relatively permanent change in knowledge and/or
behavior that results from experience

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2
Q

two major forms of learning

A
  1. Associative Learning
  2. Cognitive learning/Non-Associative Learning
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3
Q

associative learning

A

Simple association among stimuli,
behaviors, or both
− Classical conditioning
− Operant conditioning

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4
Q

non associative learning

A
  • Repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event causing a
    relatively permanent change in the strength of a response
  • Considered the most basic and simplest form of learning and
    involves two major types
  • Habituation/Dishabituation
    *sensitization
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5
Q

habituation

A

repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a
reduction in response (learned ignoring)

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6
Q

dishabituation

A

full strength recovery of the habituated
response

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7
Q

when is habituation/dishabituation used

A

Habituation and dishabituation
paradigms are often used for pre-
vocal studies.
* Used in evaluating infants’
understanding of the world

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8
Q

sensitization

A

a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to
the subsequent presentation of a weaker stimuli
* For instance, if someone experiences a traumatic event, they may
become sensitized to similar stimuli or reminders of the trauma.

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9
Q

classical conditioning

A

involves the association of events in the environment
* Classical conditioning: two previously unrelated stimuli are now
associated and results in a learned response

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10
Q

natural reflex

A

an automatic involuntary response that
typically occurs without learning (“hard-wired”

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11
Q

ivan pavlov natural reflex

A

Ivan Pavlov was interested in these natural reflexes,
specifically, reflexive salivation

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12
Q

ivan pavlov classical conditioning experiment

A

The hungry dog is placed in a harness and given a bowl of meat
powder.
* A tube from the salivary gland collects the saliva, which is measured
and recorded

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13
Q

US

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US): stimulus that causes the reflexive
response (i.e., food)

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14
Q

UR

A

Unconditioned response (UR): the reflexive response; doesn’t need
to be learned (i.e., salivation)

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15
Q

neural stimulus

A

Does not produce a specific response

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16
Q

CS

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS): a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits
the same response as the US (i.e., bell)

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17
Q

CR

A

Conditioned response (CR): the response elicited by a conditioned
stimulus; usually the same as the UR, but has been learned (i.e.,
salivation)

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18
Q

acquisition

A

the initial learning of the stimulus-response
relationship; the most rapid acquisition followed by the strongest
response is a half min delay between CS and US
* Frequency and timing of pairing (likelihood decreases > 30 sec apart)

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19
Q

extinction

A

reduction of a CR after repeated
presentations of the CS alone (reduction in salivation
when the bell is rung but no food shows up

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20
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

re-emergence of the CR
sometimes as extinction has occurred.

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21
Q

what are the processes of classical conditioning

A

higher order conditioning
stimulus generalization
stimulus discriminationhig

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22
Q

higher order conditioning

A

when previously CS functions as if it
were an US for further conditioning
* Lab assistants were the CS, say a bell was paired with the lab assistants,
now the bell is the CS2 and can elicit the CR

23
Q

stimulus generalization

A

what happens when the stimuli similar
to the original CS trigger the same CR (the dogs responded to
every research assistant)

24
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when we learn to discriminate between
the CS and other similar stimuli

25
Q

CER

A

conditioned emotional responses

26
Q

phobias

A

extreme, irrational, persistent fears of specific objects or
situations, many of which pose little to no danger.
* Any neutral stimulus can become associated with a dangerous
stimulus and become the focus for fear
* Abnormally rapid activity in amygdala

27
Q

systematic desensitization

A

a process used to condition
extinction of phobias through gradual and repeated exposure to
the feared object or situation
* Activates areas of the prefrontal cortex which help with
inhibition

28
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

a previously neutral stimulus
(often an odour or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s
paired with illness (nausea)
* Eat sushi, drink too much and get sick, never eat sushi
again
* Conditioned taste aversions can result from a single pairing
and up to 12 hours after consumption
* Some are more susceptible than others (e.g., pregnant
women, those undergoing chemotherapy)

29
Q

classical conditioning is

A

adaptive

30
Q

classical conditioning

A

Classical conditioning does not account for the vast majority of
learning by complex organisms
* It’s a passive form of learning often
* Occurs without awareness
* Very little control over stimuli being associated

31
Q

examples of classical conditioning

A

− Food aversions
− Celebrity endorsements
− Conditioned emotional responses
− Aversion therapy
− Drug cravings
− Immune response

32
Q

learning in our daily life

A

In everyday life the majority of our learning is active
* We respond to our environment and modify our behaviour
accordingly
* Modifications are based on consequences following our
response

33
Q

operant or instrumental conditioning

A

behaviour is
modified depending on its consequences
* Associative learning is voluntary rather than reflexive

34
Q

nature of response classical conditioning

A

involuntary
reflex

35
Q

nature of responsonse operant conditioning

A

spontaneous
voluntary

36
Q

timing of learning classical conditioning

A

occurs before reponse

37
Q

timing of learning operant conditioning

A

occurws after response

38
Q

nature of learning classical conditioning

A

neutral stimulus becomes a CS through association with a US

39
Q

nature of learninig operant conditioning

A

probability of making a response is altered by consequence that follow it

40
Q

role of learner classical conditioning

A

passice

reponse is elicited by US

41
Q

role of learning operant conditioning

A

active
response is emitted

42
Q

learned expectancy classical conditioning

A

US will follow CS

43
Q

learned expectancy operant conditioning

A

response will have a specific effect

44
Q

what did edward thorndikes puzzle box find out

A

Law of effect: behaviours are
selected by their consequences
* Behaviour leading to rewards are
more likely to occur again
* Behaviour producing
unpleasantness are unlikely to
occur again
* Response was instrumental to
receiving the reward

45
Q

what did skinners work do

A

expanded on Thorndike’s law of effect
* Behaviour is influenced by reinforcement
* “Skinner box”

46
Q

reinforcer

A

any event that reliably increases the probability
or frequency of Reponses it follows

47
Q

postive reinforcement

A

presentation of a pleasant
consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability
that the behavior will reoccur
* Stickers for prosocial behaviour, extra time on curfew for a good
grade, praise.

48
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of an unpleasant stimulus
after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour
will reoccur

49
Q

examples of negative reinforcement

A
  • Addicts escape the cravings and other symptoms of withdrawal by
    taking the drug
  • A phobia is maintained as the individual escapes anxiety by avoiding
    the feared object
  • If we put on a seatbelt and it stops the constant beeping, we are
    more likely to put the seatbelt on again next time
  • Take an Advil to get rid of a headache
50
Q

punisher

A

Any event that decreases the probability or
frequency of responses that it follows

51
Q

positive punishment

A

presentation of an unpleasant
consequence following a behaviour to decrease the
probability that the behaviour will reoccur
* Extra chores, spanking or scolding, speeding ticket,
cutting your hand on a knife while not paying attention

52
Q

negative punishemtn

A

removal of a pleasant stimulus
as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the
probability of the behaviour reoccurring
* Silent treatment, no car or phone privileges, or a time out
* Punishment by removal

53
Q
A

psych 4 (14 decks)

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