Ch.8 Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Totality of organism’s chemical reactions

Question 2

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 2

Begins with specific molecule, ends with product and each is catalyzed by an enzyme

Question 3

Catabolic pathway

Answer 3

RELEASE ENERGY by breaking down complex compounds

Question 4

Anabolic Pathway

Answer 4

CONSUME ENERGY to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 5

Energy

Answer 5

Capacity to cause change

Question 5

Kinetic Energy

Answer 5

associated with motion

Question 6

Potential Energy

Answer 6

the energy that matter possesses due to its location or structure

Question 6

Thermal Energy (Heat)

Answer 6

associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Question 7

Chemical Energy

Answer 7

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 8

Spontaneous Process

Answer 8

occur without energy input; can happen quickly or slowly

Question 9

free energy

Answer 9

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform (as in a living cell)

Question 10

what happens during a spontaneous change?

Answer 10

free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

Question 11

equilibrium (in context of stability)

Answer 11

state of maximum stability

Question 12

ΔG

Answer 12

change in free energy

Question 13

ΔS

Answer 13

change in entropy

Question 14

ΔH

Answer 14

change in enthalpy

Question 15

ΔG =…?

Answer 15

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Question 16

-ΔG?

Answer 16

spontaneous process

Question 17

exergonic Reaction

Answer 17

net release of free energy and is spontaneous

Question 18

endergonic Reaction

Answer 18

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non-spontaneous

Question 19

(in life) metabolism is never….?

Answer 19

at equillibrium

Question 20

3 main kinds of work a cell does?

Answer 20

chemical, transport, mechanical

Question 21

energy coupling

Answer 21

use of exergonic processes to drive and endergonic one

Question 22

what is the composition of ATP

Answer 22

ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups

Question 23

how is energy released from ATP

Answer 23

Hydrolysis Reaction; terminal phosphate bond is broken

Question 24

phosphorylation

Answer 24

transferring a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 25

how is ATP regenerated?

Answer 25

adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate

Question 26

catalyst

Answer 26

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

Question 27

enzyme

Answer 27

catalytic protein

Question 28

enzyme-catalyzed reaction example

Answer 28

sucrose--->sucrase

Question 29

substrate

Answer 29

reactant enzyme acts on

Question 30

enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 30

enzyme bound to its substrate

Question 31

active site

Answer 31

region on enzyme where substrate binds

Question 32

induced fit

Answer 32

brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

Question 33

how does the active site lower the E_A barrier?

Answer 33

- orienting substrates correctly -straining substrate binds - making a favorable microenvironment - covalently bonding to the substrate

Question 34

what affects activity of an enzyme

Answer 34

pH, temperature, chemicals

Question 35

cofactors

Answer 35

non-protein enzyme helpers

Question 36

coenzyme

Answer 36

organic cofactor

Question 37

competitive inhibitors

Answer 37

bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with substrate

Question 38

non-competitive inhibitors

Answer 38

bind to another part of the enzyme, causing enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

Question 39

examples of inhibitors

Answer 39

toxins, poisons, pesticides, antibiotics

Question 40

allosteric regulation

Answer 40

either inhibit or stimulate enzyme's activity

Question 41

allosterically regulated enzymes

Answer 41

made from polypeptide subunits

Question 42

what stabilizes inactive form of the enzyme

Answer 42

binding of activator

Question 43

binding of inhibitor

Answer 43

stabilizes inactive form of enzyme

Question 44

cooperativity

Answer 44

form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

Question 45

feedback inhibition

Answer 45

prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources because the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

Question 46

where are the enzymes for cellular respiration

Answer 46

mitochondria