ch8.2

Question 1

classically conditioned memory

Answer 1

conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli- phobias, prejudice, other attitudesprim

Question 2

priming

Answer 2

earlier exposure facilitates retrieval

highterned fears after reading a scary novel

Question 3

serial position effect

Answer 3

(Ebbinghaus) demonstrates two basic retrieval
effects
* Primacy: tendency to remember words on a list near the beginning
* Recency: tendency to remember words on a list near the end

Question 4

how do we retrieve memories

Answer 4

• Kind of ‘search’ process where the memory is scanned for
  information
• Kind of ‘activation’ process where relevant pieces of
  information is activated, but simultaneously so too are other
  pieces of information associated with what you want

Question 5

how do we measure memory

Answer 5

recall
recognition
relearning

Question 6

recall

Answer 6

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious
awareness but that was learned at an earlier time (e.g., fill-in-the
blank questions)

Question 7

recognition

Answer 7

identifying items previously learned. Multiple choice
questions

Question 8

relearning

Answer 8

learning something more quickly when you learn it a
second time.

Question 9

retention of recognition versus recal over time

Answer 9

recognition is much higher compared to recall after 1 hour to 2 days

Question 10

retrival clues

Answer 10

words, sights, or other stimuli that
remind us of the information we need to retrieve from out
memory

Question 11

priminh

Answer 11

implicit activation of one piece of information,
which in turn leads to activation of another piece, and
ultimately to the retrieval of a specific memory
* Priming can be either perceptual or conceptual.

Question 12

context and retrieval

Answer 12

the original location where you first learned a concept or idea,
rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely to recall that
information later if you are in that some location or context
* Returning to an old school, or back home, we experience a flood of
memories associated with that place

Question 13

encoding specificity principle

Answer 13

a theoretical framework that asserts
that memory retrieval is more efficient when the information available at
retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding
(includes mood)

Question 14

specific retrieval cues

Answer 14

context dependant learning
state dependent learning
flashbulb memories

Question 15

context dependent learning

Answer 15

• Godden and Baddeley had people learn lists of words either on land or
  underwater (20 ft)
• Next day asked people to recall the words, either in the same context
  (land-land, water-water) or different contexts (land-water, water-land)
• Lists learned underwater were better recalled underwater and vice versa

Question 16

state dependent learning

Answer 16

you remember things better when you are in the
same state of mind you were in when you first learned it.
* We are more likely to remember emotionally arousing events
* Modulation Hypothesis: lasting effects due to link between amygdala activation
during encoding
* Emotionally-laden events are more likely to be rehearsed (e.g., shared with
others)

Question 17

modulation hypothesis

Answer 17

lasting effects due to link between amygdala activation
during encoding

Question 18

flashbulb memories

Answer 18

detailed and near-
permanent memories of an emotionally
significant event, or of the circumstances
surrounding the moment we learned about
the event
* Emotional content can be less remembered
when under sedation

Question 19

forgetting

Answer 19

the inability to recall information that was previously encoded
into memory
* Not only do we forget, we also misremember, and distort memories

Question 20

ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Answer 20

Decay theory: suggesting that memories fade
over time due to neglect for failure to access
over long periods of time
* Based on the notion that memories leave a memory
trace

Question 21

interference theory

Answer 21

forgetting is influenced by what happens to
people before or after they take information in

Question 22

what are the two types of interference for interference thoery

Answer 22

proactive interference
retroactive interference

Question 23

proactive interference

Answer 23

old information blocks memory of new
informationr

Question 24

retroactive interference

Answer 24

new information blocks memory of old
information
* Old information does not always interfere with new information
* Learning similar sports
* Speakers of multiple languages

Question 25

repression

Answer 25

unconscious prevention of traumatic events from entering into
awareness so we can avoid anxiety or blows to our ego (Sigmund Freud)
* Not lost, just hidden
* Can also unconsciously influence future decisions
* Research reveals mixed findings at best
* Recall of false autobiographical memories is called false memory syndrome.

Question 26

reconsctruction

Answer 26

Because we use semantic codes (meaning) sometimes our memories can
be reconstructed

Question 27

source misattribution

Answer 27

fail to record where the information originally came
from
* Do you actually remember that really funny story of you walking over to your
neighbours place in a diaper to ask for a cooking? Or are you simply
remembering all of the times your parents told that story
* Is your memory of a fun Halloween costume yours, or did it happen to your
cousin

Question 28

exposure to misinformation

Answer 28

new information, that is inaccurate or
misleading, can distort our recall or lead us to manufacture new
memories
* Important for eye-witness testimonies
* Elizabeth Loftus’ (1974) traffic accident (smashed vs. hit)
* Hypnosis

Question 29

effects of imagination

Answer 29

our own imagination can lead us to recall
events that never took place
* Imaging an event can lead to the belief of its occurrence
* Students remember memories that didn’t happen

Question 30

suggestibility

Answer 30

the likelihood that false information that is suggested
is incorporated into one’s memory
* All ages susceptible to false memories
* Children younger than 8 to 9 years more suggestible than older children and
adults

Question 31

implications of legal testimony

Answer 31

Steps to increase the accuracy of children’s eyewitness testimony in
legal proceedings include the following:
* Maximizing the completeness and accuracy of children’s narratives
* Probing with open-ended questions tied to cues provided by children

Question 32

where does information about the brain come from

Answer 32

Most of what we know about memory comes from those with injuries
to specific areas of the brain
* An abundance of animal research, both surgical and chemical, has
revealed information about memories
* More recently, the advances in technology (e.g., neuroimaging) have
allowed us to observe brain activity and structure while thinking and
remembering
* Molecular biology has shed light on specific changes that occur in
brain cells as memories form

Question 33

karl lashley

Answer 33

Karl Lashley removed various portions of different rats’ brains
to see how well they remembered navigating a maze
* All retained some memory regardless of the part removed
No specific region but rather memory is encoded throughout
the braiN

Question 34

prefrontal cortex and memory

Answer 34

is active when acquiring and holding new information
* Like RAM in a computer, drawing information from various areas and
holding it temporarily for present use
* Damage can result in loss of LTM

Question 35

hippocampus and memory

Answer 35

essential for LTM
* Converts explicit memory to long-term store and then sends to
appropriate areas for LTM
* Destruction to area results in the loss of newer memories but not
LTM

Question 36

memory consolidation

Answer 36

process by which memories stabilize
in the brain
* That process occurs because of networks of neurons
communicating
potentiation

Question 37

potentiation

Answer 37

When networks strengthen over time, they become more
likely to fire together or synchronously

Question 38

long term potentiation

Answer 38

repeated stimulation of
certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the
likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future
stimulation

Question 39

biochemicstry of LTP

Answer 39

• LTP affects networks of neurons that make up neural circuits
• Memory traces are not static and can change (neural
  plasticity)
• Substances known to block LTP prevents the transfer of
  information in WM to LTM, alternatively, substances that
  enhance LTP improve acquisition of LTM
• Glutamate (key neurotransmitter in the formation of memories)
  is likely to exhibit LTP
• Others exhibiting LTP are found in the hippocampus and
  neocortex

Question 40

LTP and neurons

Answer 40

affects networks of neurons that make up neural circuits
* Memory traces are not static and can change (neural
plasticity)

Question 41

substances known to block LTP

Answer 41

prevents the transfer of
information in WM to LTM, alternatively, substances that
enhance LTP improve acquisition of LTM

Question 42

glutamate and LTP

Answer 42

(key neurotransmitter in the formation of memories)
is likely to exhibit LTP
* Others exhibiting LTP are found in the hippocampus and
neocortex

Question 43

studying memory in infants

Answer 43

Studying memory in infants utilizes looking times
* Babies prefer to look at and focus longer on objects they
haven’t seen before à preferential looking

Question 44

preferential looking

Answer 44

Babies prefer to look at and focus longer on objects they
haven’t seen before à preferential looking

Question 45

improvements in locomotion and young memory

Answer 45

Improvements in locomotion assist with memory
* Memories for walking and toys that require a sequence of
actions