Ch9 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celcius
How much ATP does 1 calorie give?
9000 ATP
What is cellular respiration?
process by which energy from glucose/ food compounds is released by being broken down
Aerobic vs Anaerobic
Aerobic: using oxygen
Anaerobic: without oxygen
What is the equation for Cell Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy)
What is the pathway for the steps of respiration?
- Glycolysis
OXYGEN - Krebs Cycle
- ETC
WITHOUT OXYGEN - Fermentation
What is Glycolysis?
Process of breaking down glucose into 2 pyruvates (anaerobic)
What are the steps of glycolysis?
- Occurs in cytoplasm
- Uses 2 ATP
1. Breaks down glucose into 2 PGAL
2. Phosphates from PGAL are removed to make pyruvate - 4 ATP are made
- 2 NADH are made
Products:
2 net ATP
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
What happens in the preparatory stage?
- CoA (coenzyme A) is added
- CO2 is released
- NADH is formed
Products:
2 Acetyl CoA
2 NADH
What is the Krebs Cycle?
AKA Citric Acid Cycle
Process where Acetyl CoA are modified to release energy filled molecules: NADH, FADH2, ATP while releasing CO2
What are the steps of the Krebs Cycle?
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Citric Acid Production
- Acetyl CoA binds to Oxaloacetate (4-carbon) –> Citric Acid (6-carbon) - Energy Extraction
- Citric acid is broken down to a 4-carbon molecule
- CO2 is released
- Energy carries (NADH & FADH2) hold released energy
Products of 1 Acetyl CoA
2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
What is the ETC/ where does it happen?
ETC: electron transport chain (inner membrane)
- Uses high-energy electrons from Krebs Cycle to form ATP
What are electron carriers?
Electron carriers: move high energy electrons from molecule to molecule
What happens at the end of ETC?
enzyme combines electrons from electron chain with hydrogen ions & oxygen → forming water
What is fermentation? 2 types of fermentation?
Fermentation: Recycling of electron carriers w/out oxygen
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
- pyruvic acid (glycolysis) becomes lactic acid
- NADH is oxidized to NAD+ (recycled to glycolysis)
- Lactic acid builds up in muscles during rapid exercise w/out enough oxygen
- Causes burning sensation in muscles
- Alcoholic Fermentation
- Allows microorganisms to produce alcohol & CO2
pyruvate releases CO2 –> acetaldehyde –> ethanol
- NADH is oxidized to NAD+
How many ATP are produced at each stage?
Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH = 6 ATP
Preparatory: 2 NADH = 6 ATP
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP, 6 NADH = 18 ATP, 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
Total: ~~ 38 ATP
How does our body obtain energy?
Body uses stored ATP from muscles for energy
What are our sources of ATP?
Stored ATP
Lactic acid Fermentation
Respiration
How do we receive short-term energy?
Lactic Acid Fermentation (without Oxygen)
- getting rid of lactic acid requires extra oxygen
How do we receive long-term energy?
Cellular respiration
- releases energy slower than fermentation
- uses energy stored in muscles & tissue as carbs
- After carbohydrates, fats are broken down for energy
Differences between photosynthesis & cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
- Removes CO2 from atmosphere
- releases Oxygen into atmosphere
- Plants, algae, microorganisms
- function: energy storage
- location: chloroplasts
- Reactants: CO2 & H2O
- Products: Glucose & O
Cellular Respiration
- releases CO2 into atmosphere
- removes oxygen to release energy from food
- all cells
- function: energy release
- location: mitochondria
- reactants: glucose & O
- products: CO2 & H2O
What are the parts of mitochondria
- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane
3 inter-membrane space - Cristae
- Matrix
