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Ch. 9, 10, 34-36 Exam > Ch.9 Exam > Flashcards

Ch.9 Exam Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Define cellular respiration. What does it require? What does it produce?

A
  • Cellular respiration converts the chemical energy of food molecules into the chemical energy of ATP, which drives all cellular work.
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2
Q

Describe how energy flows through a system.

A

Solar energy —> chemical energy of food —> chemical energy of ATP —> heat

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3
Q

Describe how nutrients cycle through a system.

A

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and vice versa

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4
Q

Define photosynthesis and cellular respiration/fermentation in terms of energy.

A
  • Photosynthesis: energy acquisition (light energy —> chemical bond energy)
  • Cellular respiration/ fermentation: energy release (chemical bond energy —> ATP + heat)
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5
Q

Through what process is glucose used to make ATP in aerobic environments? What process is used in anaerobic environments?

A
  • Cellular respiration (aerobic)
  • Fermentation (anaerobic)
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6
Q

Carbon atoms of glucose are _______ (reduced/oxidized) to form what byproduct?

A

Oxidized to form CO2

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7
Q

Oxygen atoms in oxygen are _______ (reduced/oxidized) to form what byproduct?

A

Reduced to form water

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8
Q

Write out the chemical formula for cellular respiration.

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O +energy

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9
Q

List and describe the four steps of cellular respiration.

A
  1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down to pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate processing: Pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA
  3. Citric acid cycle: Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
  4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis: Compounds reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production
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10
Q

Define what occurs during glycolysis. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A
  • A series of 10 chemical reactions that breaks glucose (6C) into two pyruvic acid molecules (3C)
  • All of the enzymes needed for glycosides are found in the cytosol
    • 1st step: oxidation of glucose
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11
Q

List the products (results) of glycolysis.

A
  • 2 pyruvate molecules (3C)
  • 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH
  • 4 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (net gain of 2 ATP)
    • Two ATP were invested
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12
Q

Define substrate-level phosphorylation.

A

Occurs when enzymes transfer an inorganic Phosphate (Pi) from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP

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13
Q

Where is pyruvate transported to after being formed in the cytosol?

A

Mitochondria in the prescience of O2

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14
Q

Define what occurs during pyruvate processing. Where in the cell does this occur?

A
  • Occurs within the matrix of mitochondria
  • 2 pyruvates (3C) molecules are oxidized to form 2 acetyl-CoA (2C) molecules
  • 2 NAD+ are reduced t form 2NADH
  • 2CO2 molecules are released as waste
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15
Q

Describe the main process of the citric acid cycle. (Hint: What enters and what exits?)

A
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16
Q

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

What are the three uses of the released potential energy from the citric acid cycle?

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A
  1. Reduce NAD+ to NADH (electron carrier)
  2. Reduce FAD+ to FADH2 (electron carrier)
  3. Phosphorylate GDP to form GTP / ADP to form ATP (depending on the cell)
18
Q

List the six steps of the citric acid cycle in detail.

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A
  • 1st: 2 carbon molecule (acetyl CoA) joins a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid.
  • 2nd: 2CO2 molecules exit as waste
  • 3rd: Most of energy (from electrons) are captured by NADH, which may transfer electrons
  • 4th: Some energy transfers ADP —> ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
  • 5th: Remaining electrons are captured by FADH2
  • 6th: Any 4 carbon molecules in cycle are recycled and join another acetyl CoA forming citric acid
19
Q

(Not a question, just information!) Glucose oxidation includes three of the four steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle.

20
Q

Glucose oxidation (glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle) produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2. How many of each are produced total?

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A
  • 4 ATP
  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH
  • 6 CO2
21
Q

Where in the mitochondria are the electron transport proteins located?

22
Q

NAD+ picks up two _______ (electron/hydrogen ion) and one _______ (electron/hydrogen ion) from glucose, and becomes reduced to ______.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • electrons
  • hydrogen ion
  • NADH
23
Q

What facilitates the transfer of electrons as they lose energy?

Study These Flashcards
A

Electron transport chain

24
Q

What is the final result of this transfer of electrons? (Hint: What is the main goal of cellular respiration?)

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A
  • Activates electron transport proteins to make ATP
25
Name the atom at the end of the electron transport chain that is the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen
26
Explain why electrons are moved from one electron acceptor to the next, in regards to how it affects hydrogen ions (H+).
-Electrons move from one electron acceptor to the next to an ever lower energy state - At each step the energy is not lost but used to fuel a hydrogen ion pump - As hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, their potential energy is increased because a steep concentration gradient is created.
27
Explain how the created concentration gradient of hydrogen ions create ATP, including involved enzymes, locations, etc.
- The hydrogen ions on the more highly concentrated side of the membrane have tendency to return to the other side of the membrane - The ions flow through the enzyme ATP synthase back to the other side if the membrane. - The flow of H+ ions is converted to kinetic energy
28
Define chemiosmosis.
- The kinetic energy from the hydrogen ion flow allows ATP synthase to make ATP in a process known as chemiosmosis.
29
What type of phosphorylation occurs in the electron transport chain?
Oxidative phosphorylation
30
What specific membrane protein phosphorylates ADP into ATP?
ATP synthase
31
Where is the majority of ATP from glucose oxidation occur out of the 4 steps of cellular respiration? How many of the 29 ATP are produced in this step?
- Occurs via oxidative phosphorylation - Uses oxygen (usually) - 25 of the 29 ATP molecules
32
What are the two examples of final electron acceptors prokaryotes use in anaerobic respiration?
- NO3- -SO4^2-
33
What is the downside of using electron acceptors other than oxygen?
- They are less electronegative and generate less ATP
34
Does fermentation (another anaerobic pathway to produce ATP) require oxygen?
It does not require oxygen
35
Which stage of cellular respiration is fermentation a modification of?
Glycolysis stage
36
List and describe the two steps of the fermentation process.
- Glycolysis —> produces ATP through substrate level phosphorylation, resulting in 2 pyruvate (which is later oxidized) - Fermentation —> produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation, however 2 pyruvate are reduced so NAD+ can be regenerated
37
How many ATP does fermentation produce? Is it more or less efficient compared with cellular respiration?
- 2 ATP - It is extremely inefficient compared to cellular respiration
38
If oxygen is not available, what is pyruvate reduced into? What is the point of this reduction?
- Reduced to lactic acid to regenerate more NAD+
39
What is the downside of creating more electron carriers? (Hint: It’s a good thing, because it can oxidize more glucose, but too much of a good thing is bad!)
Creates a high concentration of waste products (lactic acid)
40
Describe lactic acid fermentation.
- Occurs in human muscle cells - Pyruvate produced by glycolysis accepts electrons (H+) from NADH —> NAD+ and lactic acid is formed
41
Describe alcohol fermentation.
- Occurs in yeast - Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 - Acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH —> NAD+ and ethanol are produced

Ch. 9, 10, 34-36 Exam (3 decks)

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