CH.9: WATER AND MINERALS

Question 1

Characteristics of Water

Answer 1

Makes up 50 to 75% of body weight
needs no digestion and is easily absorbed
serves as a major solvent
essential without water death can occur within 2-3 days

Question 2

Water inside the cells 2/3 of body water

Answer 2

Intracellular water

Question 3

Water surrounding the cells or in the fluid portion of blood

Answer 3

Extracellular water

Question 4

Balance between intra and extracellular fluid is maintained by concentration of_____, particularly sodium potassium, chloride and phosphate ions

Answer 4

ions

Question 5

Total water intake includes

Answer 5

Water in beverages and foods.

Question 6

_______ water formed by cells as a metabolic byproduct

Answer 6

metabolic water

Question 7

Body water is loss through

Answer 7

urine
perspiration
exhaled air
feces 
insensible perspiration

Question 8

The small amounts of water we are losing via our skin but we dont notice

Answer 8

insensible perspiration

Question 9

How much water is needed?

Answer 9

women-11 cups (2.7L)

men-15.5 cups(3.7L)

Question 10

_______: are the major regulator of body’s water content and ion concentration.

Answer 10

KIDNEYS

Question 11

Function of kidneys:

Answer 11

maintains proper hydration by filtering excess ions from the blood
remove excess sodium
remove drugs and metabolic wastes

Question 12

____ & ____ ___ waste products of protein metabolism

Answer 12

urea and uric acid

Question 13

Water conservation occurs when

Answer 13

person is hot and perspire heavily

Question 14

Hormones that participate in sodium and water conservation include

Answer 14

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone

Question 15

Substances that increase urine output INHIBIT ADH resulting in urinary water losses

Answer 15

diuretics

Question 16

Two common dietary diuretics

Answer 16

Caffeine and alcohol

Question 17

When the body’s fluid losses are greater than its fluid input

Answer 17

Dehydration

Question 18

Every 16 oz of water lost by the body represents ___ __ of body weight

Answer 18

1 Ib

Question 19

People at risked for dehydration

Answer 19

older adults
sick people
athletes and laborers

Question 20

Too much water consumed at a time or conditions in which kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

Answer 20

Water intoxication

Question 21

Elements in Earth’s rocks, soil, and natural water sources 15-22 mineral elements are essential nutrients

Answer 21

minerals

Question 22

Minerals ______ be destroyed but they can be lost from foods

Answer 22

CANNOT

Question 23

Roles of Minerals

Answer 23

Structural component of tissue
ions
blood clottin
fluid balance
acid base balance
cofactors in chemical reactions
part of certain enzymes

Question 24

True or false animal foods generally contain higher amounts of mineral than plant foods

Answer 24

true

Question 25

__________ of minerals varies. In general, minerals in animal foods are more easily absorbed than minerals in plant foods

Answer 25

Bioavailability

Question 26

"hard water" contains a variety of minerals including calcium sulfur copper iron and zinc.

Answer 26

tap water

Question 27

Many minerals have a ______ ____ ___ _____ ______. As a results it is relatively easy to consume a toxic amount, especially by taking supplements that only contain a particular mineral

Answer 27

Narrow Range of Safe Intake

Question 28

The most plentiful mineral in the human body> 99% in bones and teeth 1% in extracellular fluid. Healthy adults absorb 25% of calcium.

Answer 28

Calcium

Question 29

Function of Calcium

Answer 29

``` Bone formation and maintenance Teeth muscle contraction blood clot formation nerve impulse transmission cell metabolism ```

Question 30

Secretes calcitonin when blood calcium is too high. Stimulates OSTEOBLAST which builds bone

Answer 30

Thyroid gland

Question 31

Secretes parathryroid hormone when blood calcium is too low. Stimulates OSTEOCLAST which break down bone.

Answer 31

Parathyroid glands

Question 32

A chronic disease characterized by low bone mass and reduced bone structure

Answer 32

osteoporosis

Question 33

Need for Sodium

Answer 33

major postively charged ion in extracellular fluid conduct nerve impulses involved in transporting glucose and amino acids into cells

Question 34

Condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure.

Answer 34

Hypertension

Question 35

Need for potassium

Answer 35

major positively charged ion in intracellular fluid nerve impulses contracting muscles kidney function

Question 36

Role of Magnesium

Answer 36

participates in 300 chemical reactions regulation of muscle and nerve function maintenance of strong bones strengthening the immune system

Question 37

Need for Iron

Answer 37

component of hemoglobin and myglobin. involved in energy generation and immune function

Question 38

Iron containing protein in RBC that transports oxygen to tissues and some CO2 away from tissues

Answer 38

hemoglobin

Question 39

Iron containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from RBC

Answer 39

myoglobin

Question 40

Most iron stored as _______ in the liver.

Answer 40

ferritin

Question 41

Need for Zinc

Answer 41

wound healing normal of taste and smell dna synthesis immune function

Question 42

Need for Iodide

Answer 42

normal thyroid function | thyroid hormone

Question 43

Characterized by enlarged thyroid gland. common before advent of iodized salt in areas where iodine content of soil was poor

Answer 43

Goiter

Question 44

irreversible condition affecting infants born to women who were iodide deficient during pregnancy

Answer 44

cretinism

Question 45

Need for Selenium

Answer 45

selenoproteins (antioxidants)

Question 46

Need for Chromium

Answer 46

enhance insulin's action on cell membranes. Open for glucose