Challenge of natural hazards (paper 1)

Question 1

what is a natural hazard?

Answer 1

a natural process which could cause death injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property and possessions

Question 2

what is a natural disaster?

Answer 2

a natural hazard that has actually happened

Question 3

name the 2 main types of natural hazard

Answer 3

geological
meteorological

Question 4

how are geological hazards caused

Answer 4

tectonic and land processes e.g. volcanoes and earthquakes

Question 5

how are meteorological hazards caused?

Answer 5

weather and climate processes e.g. tropical storms and extreme weather

Question 6

what is hazard risk

Answer 6

the probability of people being affected by a hazard in a particular area

Question 7

list the 4 factors that can affect hazard risk

Answer 7

urbanisation
poverty
farming
climate change

Question 8

what is the primary effect of a natural hazard

Answer 8

the immediate impacts caused by the hazard itself

Question 9

what is the secondary effect of a natural hazard

Answer 9

happens later on - often as a result off primary effects

Question 10

what are the 2 types of crust that make up plates?

Answer 10

continental - thicker and less dense
oceanic - thinner and more dense

Question 11

what are the places called where plates meet?

Answer 11

plate margins/plate boundaries

Question 12

list the three types of plate margins

Answer 12

destructive
constructive
conservative

Question 13

what are constructive margins

Answer 13

where 2 plates are moving away from each other. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gaps and cools, creating new crust

Question 14

what are conservative margins

Answer 14

where two plates are moving sideways past each other or are moving in the same direction but at different speeds. Crust isn’t created or destroyed

Question 15

what are destructive margins

Answer 15

where 2 plates are moving towards each other. When oceanic and continental plates meet each other the denser oceanic plate it subjected and destroyed creating gas rich magma

Question 16

how are earthquakes caused

Answer 16

by tension that builds ups at all three types of plate margin

Question 17

why does crust move?

Answer 17

because of convection currents in the mantle

Question 18

what is the focal point?

Answer 18

point inside the dust where the pressure is released

Question 19

define epicentre

Answer 19

point on earths surface above the focus

Question 20

list three reasons why people would want to live in volcanic areas

Answer 20

soil is very fertile for farming
hot rocks below surface = geothermal energy
gold and diamonds may form when volcanoes solidify

Question 21

list 6 factors that affect climate change

Answer 21

aspect (sun)
wind
equator (latitude)
sea
relief (microwaves)
altitude

Question 22

define climate

Answer 22

the average weather conditions over a longer period of time

Question 23

define weather

Answer 23

the day to day conditions of the atmosphere

Question 24

when do tropical storms usually occur?

Answer 24

when sea temperatures are highest (over 26/27°C)

Question 25

define adaptation

Answer 25

all the actions taken to respond to climate change by changing agricultural systems, managing water supply and reducing the risk from rising sea levels

Question 26

what is global atmospheric circulation

Answer 26

the transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air

Question 27

what happens when the sun warms the equator

Answer 27

causes air to rise creating a low pressure belt

Question 28

what happens when air starts to rise

Answer 28

cools and moves away from the equator

Question 29

explain the distribution of tropical storms

Answer 29

as average ocean temp. rises, more of worlds oceans could be above 27C meaning that tropical storms can form in areas that haven't experienced them before

Question 30

explain the intensity of tropical storms

Answer 30

higher sea surface temps. are likely to result in more evaporation + increased cloud formation so more energy is released meaning storms become more powerful

Question 31

explain the frequency of tropical storms

Answer 31

oceans will stay at 27C or higher for longer each year so there's a longer period when tropical storms can form meaning there are more storms each year

Question 32

list the 3 ways to reduce the effect of tropical storms and give and example for each one

Answer 32

prediction and monitoring - (satellites to calculate predicted path) planning - (government evacuation plans) protection - (flood defences built along rivers)

Question 33

impacts of strong winds in UK

Answer 33

- damages property + disrupts transport - uprooted trees + debris can injure/kill people

Question 34

impacts of heavy rainfall in UK

Answer 34

- flooding damaging homes and may lead to drowning - recovering from flooding may cost millions

Question 35

impacts of snow and ice in UK

Answer 35

- injuries due to slipping and people being too cold - schools/businesses forced to shut

Question 36

impacts of drought in UK

Answer 36

- low water supplies leading to crop failure - rules to conserve water may be introduced

Question 37

impacts of thunderstorm in UK

Answer 37

- heavy rain, strong winds + lightning - lightning may cause fires damaging property people and environment

Question 38

impacts of heat waves in UK

Answer 38

- pollution builds up in air causing heat exhaustion - disruption to transport from roads melting

Question 39

list 3 natural factors that are possible causes if climate change

Answer 39

- volcanic activity - solar output - orbital changes

Question 40

list 4 human activities that affect climate change

Answer 40

- burning fossil fuels (CO2 released into atmosphere) - cement production (CO2 released into atmosphere - farming (livestock e.g. cows produce methane) deforestation (when trees are cut down CO2 is then not taken in)

Question 41

list 3 strategies to reduce causes of climate change

Answer 41

- renewable energy e.g. nuclear - carbon capture (stores CO2 away) - planting trees increases amount of CO2 that's absorbed from atomsphere through photosynthesis