Challenges for Elizabeth at home and abroad 1569-88 - PLOTS AND SPANISH RELATIONS Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
PLOTS
When was the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
A
1569-70
2
Q
PLOTS
Why did the Revolt of the Northern Earls occur?
A
- Earls wanted to make England Catholic again
- Resented appointment of James Pilkington - Protestant as Bishop in 1561
- Earls lost influence at court under Elizabeth - resented William Cecil, Robert Dudley
- Earls feared civil war and loss of power and wealth because of their uncertainty as elizabeth wouldn’t produce an heir or marry
3
Q
PLOTS
Who was involved in the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
A
- Thomas Percy - Earl of Northumberland, major Catholic northern landowner
- Charles Neville - Earl of Westmorland, major Catholic northern landowner
- Thomas Howard - Duke of Norfolk who was a senior noble and Protestant, family links to the old, northern Catholic families, planned to marry Mary, Queen of Scots
4
Q
PLOTS
What was the marriage plan for the Revolt?
A
- Mary would marry the Duke of Norfolk, remove Elizabeth and become queen
- 1569 - Mary told the Spanish Ambassador that she “shall be Queen of England in three months”
- Robert Dudley told Elizabeth of the plot, leading to Norfolk’s arrest and imprisonment in the tower
5
Q
PLOTS
How did the revolt progress?(5)
A
- Northumberland and Westmorland continued
- Had their wives support
- Began to move south
- Elizabeth moved Mary to Coventry to stop her joining the rebels
- Support from Spain never arrived
6
Q
PLOTS
Why did the revolt fail?(4)
A
- Support from Spain never arrived
- Many northern landowners, especially in Lancashire and Cheshire remained loyal to Elizabeth
- Many landowners did not want to risk losing wealth gained by the dissolution of monasteries by Henry VIII by backing a failed revolt
- 14000 soldiers marched North to stop the Revolt
7
Q
PLOTS
Why was the revolt important?(4)
A
- Showed Mary, Queen of Scots could not be trusted - she ramined in prison
- Pope excommunicated Elizabeth(1570) and called on loyal Catholics to depose her - encouraged Catholic plots
- Loyalty of England’s Catholics was in doubt, forced the government to take harsh action
- Elizabeth’s control over the north of England was strengthened, 450 rebels executed
8
Q
PLOTS
What was the year of the Ridolfi plot?
A
1571
9
Q
PLOTS
Why did the Ridolfi plot occur?(2)
A
- Failure of revolt and Papal Bull meant Elizabeth treated Catholics with suspicion
- Earl of Huntingdon implemented laws against Catholics in the north of England which angered Catholics who were now prepared with the pope’s support
10
Q
PLOTS
What was the aim of the Ridolfi Plot?(5)
A
- Roberto Ridolfi as an italina banker who lived in England and worked as a spy for the Pope
- Plotted to murder Elizabeth, start a Spanish invasion and put Mary, Queen of Scots on the English throne and marry the Duke of Norfolk
- Had pope, Phillip II and Duke of Alba’s support
- Duke of Norfolk signed a letter declaring himself as Catholic
- Phillip II instructed Duke of Alba to prepare 10000 troops to send in support of the revoltt
11
Q
PLOTS
Who discovered the plot and what happened?(4)
A
- Sir William Cecil discovered it
- Able to prove Norfolk was guilty of high treason
- In 1572 parliament demanded the execution of Norfolk and Mary, Queen of Scots
- Duke of Norfolk was executed in June 1572 but reluctant to punish Mary
12
Q
PLOTS
Why was the Ridolfi Plot important?(4)
A
- Reinforced the threat of Spain as Phillip II would support any plots against Elizabeth
- Because of this threat from Spain, England needed to improve relations with France
- Confirmed that English Catholics and Mary were a threat to Elizabeth
- Government monitored Catholics more closely and severely
13
Q
PLOTS
What were the two anti Catholic laws Elizabeth introduced in 1581?
A
- The increase in the recusancy fine to 20 pounds
- Extension of definition of treason to converting people to Catholicism
14
Q
PLOTS
What was the year of the Throckmorton plot?
A
1583
15
Q
PLOTS
What was the aim of the Throckmorton plot?
A
- French Duke of Guise(cousin of Mary) plotted to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth, free Mary and make England Catholic again
- Francis Throckmorton was a young English Catholic who acted as the messenger between Mary and French and Spanish ambassadors(Mendoza in Spain)
16
Q
PLOTS
Who was Elizabeth’s secretary of State 1573?
A
- Francis Walsingham
17
Q
PLOTS
Why did the Throckmorton plot fail?
A
- Francis Walsingham discovered the plot in May 1583
- Nov 1583 Walsingham’s spies found papers at Throckmorton’s house which revealed his involvement
- Throckmorton was arrested and tortured, he confessed and was executed in May 1584
18
Q
PLOTS
Why do historians know very little about how the Throckmorton Plot began?
A
- Plotters destroyed many of their letters
- the government tortured the plotters
19
Q
PLOTS
Why did Francis Walsingham not arrest Throckmorton in April 1583?
A
- Walsingham wanted to collect enough evidence to charge Throckmorton with treason and find out who else was involved in the plot
20
Q
PLOTS
Why did the Throckmorton plot gone no further than the planning stage?
A
- Throckmorton was waiting for the money promised by King Phillip II
21
Q
PLOTS
Why was the Throckmorton plot significant?
A
- Revealed extent of threat by foreign Catholic powers, English Catholics and Mary
- Throckmorton’s papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers in England
22
Q
PLOTS
How many Catholics were arrested or kept under surveillance after the Throckmorton Plot?
A
11,000
23
Q
PLOTS
What did the Act of Parliament 1585 do?
A
- Made helping or sheltering Catholic priests punishable by death
24
Q
PLOTS
What was the plan of the Babington Plot 1586?
A
- Duke of Guise would invade England, murder Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne
- Phillip II and the Pope supported the plot
25
# PLOTS
Who was Anthony Babington?
- Carried letters to Mary in the 1580s
- Wrote to gain her support for the plot
26
# PLOTS
What was the role of the Duke of Guise in the Babington plot?
- Planned to invade England with 60,000 men to help free Mary from her imprisonment
- Restore Catholicism to England
27
# PLOTS
When did Babington write to Mary explaining the plot? What happened with these letters?
- July 1586
- Walsingham intercepted and decoded Babington and Mary's letters(Gallows letter)which clearly demonstrated Mary's awareness of, support for and involvement in the plot
28
# PLOT
What were the consequences of the Babington Plot?
- Babington and the plotters were sentenced to death and hung, drawn and quartered
- October 1586, Mary was sentenced to death for treason, Elizabeth delayed but ultimately signed the death warrant in February 1587
29
# PLOTS
Why was the Babington plot significant?
- 300 recusants were arrested in London after the plot
- Anglo-spanish relations worsened, effectively at war by 1585
- Plot led to the execution of Mary, ending any hope of replacing Elizabeth with a Catholic heir
30
# WALSINGHAM
Why was Sir Francis Walsingham significant?
- His actions deterred further plots
- Unmasked activities of Mary which led to her execution
- Provided intelligence that defeated plots like Throckmorton and Babington
31
# WALSINGHAM
What were the features of Walsingham's spy network?
- Network of spies and informants in every town
- Paid informants - knew potential plotters against the queen(e.g John Hart)
- Had double agents in France, Germany, Spain and Italy
- Agents were paid and trained by the government
32
# WALSINGHAM
What was Walsingham's use of ciphers?
- Used codes for all correspondence
- Also had the means of deciphering the codes of those who plotted against Elizabeth wiht help of Thomas Phelippes
33
# WALSINGHAM
What was Walsingham's use of torture and execution?
- Some priests were tortured to deter others and force them to give up information - 130 were killed
- Threat would be effective as it provided Walsingham with informants to use against plotters
- Only in most serious cases as he did not want ordinary people to sympathise with plotters
34
# WALSINGHAM
What were agent provocateurs?
- Walsingham employed these to encourage those who were seen as a threat to Elizabeth to plot against her
- e.g Gifford allowed this to open communications between Mary and Babington plotters - led to her execution
35
# MARY'S EXECUTION
What were the reasons as to why Mary was executed?
- Mary's involvement in a series of plots against Elizabeth
- Walsingham's spies had evidence she was involved - lead to trial and conviction under the Act for Preservation of the Queen's safety
- Spanish threat and involvement in plots that also involved Mary
- Mary remained a viable, legitimate option who shuld be queen of England by Catholics - reinforced by excommunication of Elizabeht in 1570
- Pressure from Elizabeth's Privy Council
36
# MARY'S EXECUTION
Why was Mary's execution important?
- Execution further angered Spain and gave Phillip II further reason to attack England as Mary left her claim to the throne to Phillip upon her death
- Execution made the succession more uncertain as it increased the chances of a civil war on Elizabeth's death
- Removed an important threat to Elizabeth as Mary was at the centre of many Catholic plots to depose Elizabeth
37
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What was the religious rivalry between Spain and England?
- Phillip II backed by the pope, saw Protestantism as a threat to the authority of the Catholic Church
- English Protestants saw Spain and Catholicism as a threat
- Phillip II became involved in Catholic plots against Elizabeth
38
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What was the Spanish policy in the Netherlands?
- Netherlands was Spanish but many Dutch became Protestant
- Brutal Spanish campaign under the Duke of Alba aimed to restore Catholicism
- Spanish Catholics executed Dutch Protestants following the Council of Troubles 1568
- Spain's campaign in the Netherlands angered Elizabeth's government who saw Spain as a direct threat to English Protestantism
39
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What was the English response to the Spanish in the Netherlands?
- Government secretly helped Dutch Protestants resist the Spanish
- Allowed Dutch rebel ships safe passage in English ports
- Provided financial support to others fighting the Spanish like volunteers led by John Casimir
- English privateers like Sir Francis Drake encouraged to attack Spanish shipping and colonies in Latin America
- Elizabeth proposed a marriage to the French heir
40
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What was the Spanish Fury?
- 1576
- Spanish government in the Netherlands found war there unaffordable
- Lack of funds meant Spanish troops were unpaid
- Spanish troops sacked and looted Antwerp port
- This event intensifies the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule as it caused an alliance of Catholic and Protestant Dutch people
- Leads to Pacification of Ghent
41
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What was the Pacification of Ghent 1576?
- Called for all Spanish troops to be expelled from the Netherlands
42
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What did Elizabeth do after the Spanish Fury?
- Elizabeth sent a loan of 100,000 to Dutch rebels
43
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What happened after the Spanish Fury?
- 1577
- 6 months later Phillip II sends a new army to attack the Dutch
- Responding to this a mercenary John Casimir raised an army of 6000 English and Scottish volunteers
- He wasn't successful as he angered the Dutch Catholics and this persuaded them to make peace with the Spanish
44
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What happened in 1578?
- Elizabeth and Privy councillers argued she should get involved in the Netherlands, Dutch ask France for help instead
- Duke of Alencon who is representing France goes to fight the Spanish
45
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What happened in 1579-84?
- Spanish gain the upper hand by sending a better military commander - Duke of Parma
- Elizabeth agreed to give the Duke of Alencon 70,000 for support in the Netherlands
- Lead of the Dutch rebels was assassinated by the Spanish government
46
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What happened by 1584?
- Spanish control of the Netherlands was restored under the Duke of Parma
47
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
When and what was the Treaty of Joinville?
- 1584
- Allied Catholic France and Spain together agaainst Protestantism
- Dutch Catholics were ready to make peace with Spain, strengthening Phillip II's position there
48
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
Why were England and Spain close to war in 1587?
- Phillip II blamed English support of the Dutch rebels for worsening the situation
- Blamed English privateers for attacks on Spanish shipping
- Elizabeth's government blamed Spain for the plots against her
49
# RELATIONS WITIH SPAIN
Why did England and Spain become commercial rivals?
- Competed against each other for access to markets and resources of the New World
- Spain conquered Mexico and Peru which provided them with vast amounts of gold and silver - as well as control over trade in sugar cane and tobacco
50
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
Why was there English hostility towards Spain?(2 reasons)
- Spanish control of the Netherlands closed off one of the principal trade routes used by English traders in Europe which reduced the incomes and profits of English merchants
- Spain's control of the New World also denied English traders profit making opportunities because they needed a license from Spain
51
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What was a privateer? What did they do?
- English merchants who were financed by private investors, including Elizabeth, raided Spanish colonies as well as ships voyaging to and from the New world
- Elizabeth further encouraged Dutch rebels(SEA BEGGARS) to attack Spanish ships sailing between Spain and the Netherlands
52
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What did Francis Drake do in 1572?
- Captured 40,000 in Spanish silver
53
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What did Drake do during the expedition 1577-80?
- Drake's circumnavigation of the globe 1580
- Capture of 400,000 of Spanish silver and gold
54
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
What did this circumnavigation lead to in 1580?
- Loss of silver meant that the Spanish government in the Netherlands was bankrupt and could not afford to pay soldiers
55
# RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
How were relations deteriorating with Spain?
- Elizabeth knighted Drake after his 1577-80 voyage on the Golden Hind - demonstrated her defiance and hostility towards Spain's commercial interests
- Getting rid of Elizabeth and Drake by war was the only remaining means of protecting Spain's commercial interests
56
# OUTBREAK OF WAR
What led to the Treaty of Nonsuch 1585?
- Dutch Protestants came to England offering the opportunity for Elizabeth to become their Queen
- Elizabeth refused because she didn't want to dispose Phillip
- She signs the Treaty instead
57
# OUTBREAK OF WAR
What did the Treaty of Nonsuch 1585 state?
- England would
