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Geography Topic 3 > Challenges of an urbanising world > Flashcards

Challenges of an urbanising world Flashcards

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1
Q

urbanisation

A

the rise in percentage of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

what countries are expected to see the biggest rise in urban population?

A

asia and africa

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3
Q

what causes this rise in asia and africa

A

migration to cities, natural increase (eg more births than deaths)

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4
Q

where are most of the worlds largest cities

A

in developing countries

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5
Q

when did these cities grow

A

during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries

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6
Q

how much does the population increase by

A

it doubles every 30 years

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7
Q

what will asias urban population be like by 2050?

A

64%

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8
Q

what will africas urban population be by 2025

A

58%

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9
Q

million city

A

any city with a population over 1 million

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10
Q

megacity

A

a city with a population of over 10 million

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11
Q

how many million cities in 1950

A

83

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12
Q

how many million cities in 2015

A

over 500

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13
Q

where were the megacities by 2015

A

75% of the worlds megacities were in emerging countries e.g são paulo, shanghai, mumbai

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14
Q

urban primacy

A

an importance and influence bigger than a country’s size suggests e.g. london

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15
Q

World cities

A

megacities that play an disproportionate role in world affairs

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16
Q

what is the main cause of growth in cities like asia and africa?

A

economic growth which created new jobs

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17
Q

what causes economic growth in emerging countries?

A

TNC’s and manufacturing have caused rapid industrialisation

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18
Q

what causes economic growth in HIC’s

A

service economies expanding

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19
Q

how does migration cause urbanisation

A

people move to cities and urban areas to find work

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20
Q

what is kampala the capital of

A

uganda

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21
Q

what is kampalas growth mainly driven by

A

internal migration and natural increase

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22
Q

what is rural urban migration a result of

A

factors that ‘pull’ people to kampala and ‘push’ people from countrysides

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23
Q

urban pull factors for kampala

A

growth in jobs, better opportunities, better quality of life, better housing, better paid jobs, better education,health, entertainment services

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24
Q

push factors of the countryside for kampala

A

rural poverty, drought and flooding, lack of investment, lack of services, lack of opportunities, low pay,

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25
why has new york’s growth been speeding up (3 reasons)
net growth from overseas migration, natural increase, the knowledge economy, its focus on finance has increased international migration
26
what is detroit usa home to
general motors, the worlds largest vehicle company
27
what was detroits population in 1950
1.85 million
28
what was detroits population in 2015
673000
29
what happened between 1960 and 2000 in detroit
it’s wealthier population left leaving a poorer population
30
what happened to detroits income and services
income from local taxes reduced and services declined
31
what happened to the general motors between 2000-10
their sales halved and it made cars using robotics so fewer people were needed decreasing job opportunities
32
where did general motor get their parts from?
overseas which put local supply companies out of work leading to deindustrailisation
33
what did the deindustrialisation in detroit lead to
people leaving the city to find jobs elsewhere
34
what is kampalas informal economy like?
it’s informal economy is large and uganda earns half of its estimated GDP from informal work
35
what people make up kampalas informal workers
women, the young and the poor
36
what is kampalas formal economy like?
it is growing slowly because most of ugandans are subsistence farmers, manufacturing only employs 5% of ugandas population and services are a main part of its formal economy (shops and offices)
37
what is kampala?
a developing city
38
subsistence farming
farming to provide for your family in order to survive and selling any left over, there usually isn’t any
39
informal economy
an unofficial economy, the workers are not on a contract or are taxed by government
40
formal economy
A portion of a nation's economy that includes businesses that are formally registered, taxed, licensed, and regulated.
41
what is new delhi
an emerging city
42
how many workers in new delhi are in the informal economy
75%
43
where does new delhi get a lot of its gdp from
services earn new delhi 78% of is GDP, manufacturing contributes 20% but the clothing industry is growing fast
44
where is most of new delhi’s informal economy
most is in factories but there are no regulations about minimum wage, benefits or working conditions
45
what is the most valuable part of new york’s economy
the knowledge economy
46
10% of new york’s employment was provided by who in 2014
financial companies alone
47
what is manufacturing like in new york
it is small with 10% of employment
48
how much does the informal economy earn for new york’s GDP each year
7%
49
what does new york’s informal economy consist of
migrants both legal and illegal, self employed workers who may not declare income to tax officials, it is greatest in construction and catering
50
what do workers in new york’s informal economy get
they have no protection, often work long hours for less than minimum wage
51
what did new york start off as
manhatten
52
how could manhatten trade with europe
its deep harbour enabled it to trade with europe and was the main entry point for immigration
53
what happened in the 1840s to manhatten
irish migrants came to escape famine
54
who arrived in the 1870’s to 80’s in manhatten
millions from eastern and southern europe and communities formed ethnic enclaves
55
what is an ethnic enclave
a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity
56
what made urban expansion possible in manhattan
subway and rail system expansion, people could go from manhatten to the bronx, brooklyn or queens and road bridges fed traffic into manhattan on freeways
57
counter urbanisation in new york
from 1950-80 new york lost 12% of its population, those who left tended to be white second generation migrants which left poorer migrant communities and black americans
58
what did this counter urbanisation cause
income from taxation fell, by 1975 new york was nearly bankrupt
59
urban push of new york
businesses looking for greenfield sites, fear of safety, crowded housing, congestion, poor schools and services, pollution, declining jobs, high land rents
60
greenfield site
an area of land that has not been developed previously
61
brownfield site
an old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development
62
green belt
land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas on which building is restricted.
63
rural pull in new york
large shopping centres, better schools and services, more open spaces, low density, single family housing, safer neighbourhoods, cheaper land for larger properties, accessible, cheap fuel, high average incomes
64
how did manhattan expand
it couldn’t expand outwards because it was an island so it had to build upwards making many sky scrapers, this is why many people live in apartments not their own houses
65
re-urbanisation in new york was caused by
knowledge economy creating jobs, closure of docks and industries allowed regeneration with new apartments and offices on brownfield sites, ‘zero tolerance’ policy on crime so safer city
66
suburbanisation
where the suburbs on the outer edge of the settlement grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people
67
re urbanisation
the movement of people back into a once abandoned city
68
counter urbanisation
the movement of people out of the city to live in rural areas
69
regeneration
the long-term upgrading of existing urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas to bring about social and economic change
70
what is CBD
central business district (finance, admin offices, retail, government buildings)
71
what does the inner city consists of
older housing, industries, brownfield sites
72
what is the rural urban fringe
the space between the open countryside and the built-up cities and suburbs
73
what does the rural urban fringe consist of
green belt and greenfield sites
74
commercial land use characteristics
mostly in CBD, taller buildings at higher density, ‘low rise’ businesses and retail parks in rural urban fringe
75
how commercial land use develops (5 ways)
CBD most accessible part of city, demand for land is greatest, space limited=buildupwards, land is expensive-every bit is used, business parks near main road for easy access
76
industrial land use characteristics
older industries in inner city, more recent industries in rural urban fringe, close to transport links
77
how industrial land use develops (2 ways)
away from CBD due to need for space, older industries rely on canals, rivers and rail, newer industries reply on road transport
78
residential use of land characteristics
usually in suburbs, older properties close to centre, housing varies between terraced, semi detached, detached, appartments and large housing estate on outskirts

Geography Topic 3 (1 decks)

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