Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Urbanisation
A
A process where an increasing proportion of people live in town and cities
2
Q
Urban
A
Characteristic of a town or city
3
Q
Town
A
Bigger than a village, with 2500 to 20000 residents
4
Q
City
A
A large town with more than 20000 residents
5
Q
Push factors
A
- a shortage of jobs or low wages
- poor standard of living
- poor healthcare and education
- war or conflict
- natural disasters - earthquakes/flood
- a poor environment
6
Q
Pull factors
A
- more employment opportunities and higher wages
- better standard of living
- better healthcare and education
- a safe place with little crime/risk
- a cleaner environment
7
Q
North America urbanisation rate
A
85% urban
8
Q
Latin America urbanisation rate
A
80% urban
9
Q
Europe urbanisation rate
A
73% urban
10
Q
Africa urbanisation rate
A
42% urban
11
Q
Asia urbanisation rate
A
45% urban
12
Q
Metropolitan area
A
A region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less populated surrounding territories
13
Q
Conurbation
A
An extended urban area, typically consisting of several small towns, when two cities merge to form a continuous urban area
14
Q
Million city
A
A city with a population of over a million
15
Q
Mega city
A
A city with a population of over ten million
16
Q
World city
A
A city that trades and invests globally
- Tokyo-Japan
- Jakarta-Indonesia
- Delhi-India
17
Q
Case study - New York
A
- 37% of population are foreign born
- population density - 10451.1/km2
- population increase
- international migration
18
Q
Counter urbanisation
A
People move from the city to the suburbs
19
Q
International migration
A
People move to another country
20
Q
Internal migration
A
People move to another place inside their country
21
Q
New York migration
A
- international migration
- ‘imports’ unskilled migrants and experts
- specialised training
- need well qualified people
22
Q
Detroit migration
A
- counter urbanisation
- over population caused pollution
- unemployment increase
- went bankrupt due to lack of services
- wealthy people can afford to move to the suburbs
23
Q
Kampala migration
A
- internal migration
- better opportunities
- jobs in growing businesses
- better services
24
Q
Informal sector/economy
A
The part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government
25
Advantages of formal economy
- pay tax to government
- stable job
- have training and opportunities
26
Disadvantages of formal economy
- have to follow rules
- earn less money due to taxes
- work is monitored
27
Suburbanisation
Moving from inner suburbs to outer suburbs
28
Reurbanisation
When people who used to live in the city and left to the countryside, move back to live in the city
29
White flight
White second generation migration earned enough and move out of the city
30
Central business district (CBD)
The roads, canals and railway lines meet at the CBD
31
The inner city
The streets make a grid pattern and the houses are small, they were built for factory workers, little or no green space
32
The inner suburbs
The streets are curvier and there’s more open space, houses are still quite close together
33
The outer suburbs
Houses often in small groups, parks, maybe woods, perhaps a golf course
34
The rural-urban fringe
Almost in the countryside, but only 40 by train from the city centre
35
Burgess model
- CBD
- inner city
- inner suburbs
- outer suburbs
- rural-urban fringe
36
Hoyt’s sector city model
- CBD
- factories/industry
- working class housing
- middle class housing
- high class housing
37
LEDC city model
- CBD
- industry along transport route
- shanty towns
- basic housing
- high cost housing
38
Mumbai, India
A part city on the north west coast of India, in the state of Maharashtra
39
Squatter settlements
Areas of cities that are built by people, of any material they can find, on land that doesn’t belong to them
40
Dharavi slums
- located in the north east of Mumbai
| - 60% of Mumbai’s population
41
Factors of quality of life
- levels of air and water pollution
- levels of transport congestion
- access to healthcare and education
- crime levels
- access to affordable housing
- access to adequate sanitation
- quality of government service
- income
42
Hyper-urbanisation
The rapid growth of city areas
43
Problems of population growth
- air pollution
- water pollution
- over population
- limited resources
- crime
- poor sanitation
- informal economy
- tax
- congestion
- housing shortage
44
Sustainable development
Improving the quality of life without compromising the future generations
45
Top down development
Schemes that are funded by large companies or decisions that are made by the national government, local people don’t get involved
46
Case study - vision Mumbai
- $40 million
- completion by 2050
- aim to improve quality of life
47
Aims of vision Mumbai
- demolish slums
- improve rail and road transport
- improve water, sanitation and healthcare
- boost economic growth
48
Advantages of vision Mumbai
- piped water and sewage systems in new homes
- 72 new trains
- 200000 people moved from Dharavi
49
Disadvantages of vision Mumbai
- increased sewage discharge in water, water pollution
- many would prefer improvements rather than demolition
- small workshops gone out of business, affecting the recycling industry
- slums still growing rapidly
50
Bottom up development
Experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives
51
Case study - Lok Seva Snagam (LSS)
- health charity
- focuses on leprosy
- 29000 patients
- 75% cured of leprosy
52
Land use
The function/purpose of the land
- commercial
- residential
- industrial
53
Causes of patterns of land use
- accessibility
- cost of land
- planning decisions
54
Commercial (business, offices)
- buildings are more dense
- taller buildings thanks the rest of the city
- most accessible part of the city
55
Industrial (factories)
- away from the centre
- inner city / city edges
- older, 19th century
- close to transport links
56
Residential (housing)
- usually surrounding CBD and industry in suburbs
- oldest properties are closest to the city centre
- differ between different parts of the city
