Challenges of natural hazards

Question 1

Describe the movement of a destructive plate margin

Answer 1

Two plates coming together

Question 2

How can a volcano affect people

Answer 2

• Explosion can cause a famine due to crop damage
• Can damage houses, homelessness
• Loss of agriculture, livelihood

Question 3

What are the natural causes of changes in global temperatures

Answer 3

• Changes in the earths orbit
• Changes in volcanic activity
• Sunspot activity

Question 4

What is evidence that climate change has taken place?

Answer 4

1. Changes in global temperature
2. Sea levels rise
3. More extreme weather hazards, e.g. tropical storms
4. Glaciers melting

Question 5

How can changes in agriculture contribute to global change in temperatures

Answer 5

• Increase in meat and diary production leads to increased methane released into the environment
• Changing forests into agricultural land releases greenhouse gases into the environment as trees are carbon sinks

Question 6

What is our tropical storm case study?

Answer 6

Typhoon Haiyan

Question 7

How did typhoon Haiyan affect people

Answer 7

6000 people died,
millions homeless
roads and infrastructure damaged
transport and communication links damaged

Question 8

How did typhoon Haiyan affect the environment

Answer 8

storm surge
Fish killed
loss of forests
water pollution
sewage leaks

Question 9

What is a natural hazard?

Answer 9

Extreme natural events which can cause loss of life and extreme damage to property

Question 10

What are the two categories for natural hazards

Answer 10

Tectonic hazards
Climatic hazards

Question 11

Examples of tectonic hazards

Answer 11

• Volcanoes
• Earthquakes
• Tsunamis

Question 12

Examples of climatic hazards

Answer 12

• Floods
• Droughts
• Tropical storms

Question 13

How do areas of contrasting wealth differ with tectonic hazards

Answer 13

• Preparation (buildings with retrofitting)
• developed infrastructure
• Monitoring
• Long term effects
• Money and recovery times

Question 14

Why do the plates move?

Answer 14

• Convection currents
• Slab pull and ridge push

Question 15

Where does lots of volcanic activity occur

Answer 15

Around the pacific ring of fire

Question 16

What are the three types of plate margins

Answer 16

1. Destructive
2. Constructive
3. Conservative

Question 17

How are earthquakes caused

Answer 17

by pressuring being built up and then released, friction or plates getting stuck on eachother
sudden movements of the Earths plates

Question 18

How is earthquake energy released

Answer 18

As seismic waves

Question 19

What is prediction?

Answer 19

• using seismometers to monitor earth tremors
• Earthquakes are very difficult to predict when they will happen

Question 20

What is protection?

Answer 20

• Involves constructing buildings so they are safe to live in and will not collapse
• Rubber shock absorbers in the foundations
• steel frames that sway with the earths movements
• Open areas outside of buildings for assembly points

Question 21

What is preparation?

Answer 21

• Practise for an earthquake, in earthquake prone countries
• Drills
• Evacuation plans
• Increases chance of survival

Question 22

Which plate margins do volcanos form at

Answer 22

1. Destructive
2. Constructive

Question 23

What volcano forms at a destructive plate margin

Answer 23

A composite volcano

Question 24

What volcano forms at a constructive plate margin

Answer 24

A shield volcano

Question 25

Positive effects of a volcano

Answer 25

- Geothermal energy - Ash is a good fertiliser for soil - Attract many tourists

Question 26

Negative effects of a volcano

Answer 26

- Dangerous to people and properties - Economically places can suffer after eruptions - Habitats and landscapes can be damaged by lava flow

Question 27

How can volcanoes be monitored

Answer 27

- Seismometer - monitoring gas escaping - monitoring temperatures - looking at past history of eruptions

Question 28

Benefits of living by a volcano

Answer 28

- Fertile soil, good for crops - Attracts tourists, good for business - Geothermal energy, provides cheap energy for locals - Minerals are contained in lava e.g. diamonds

Question 29

What does the Global atmospheric circulation create

Answer 29

Wind

Question 30

What are the three types of cells

Answer 30

Polar cell Ferrel cell Hadley cell

Question 31

How is a tropical storm formed

Answer 31

- Warm water 27 degrees C, rises causing an area of low pressure - As the air rises is draws more moist warm air up from above the ocean, leading to strong winds - The rapidly rising air cools and condenses to form Cumulonimbus clouds - These clouds form the eye wall and produce heavy rainfall -

Question 32

What is global warming?

Answer 32

The rise in average temperature of the Earths surface

Question 33

What is evidence of global warming?

Answer 33

1. Ice cores 2. Glacier retreat 3. Thermometer readings 4. Rising sea levels

Question 34

How does thermometer readings show evidence of global warming?

Answer 34

Show clear readings of warming of the earth other many years

Question 35

How do ice cores show evidence of global warming?

Answer 35

A sample of ice shows the atmospheric gas concentration at the time the snow fell

Question 36

How does glacier retreat show evidence of global warming?

Answer 36

Photos show glaciers melting and therefore retreating

Question 37

Human activities which increase global warming?

Answer 37

1. Burning fossil fuels 2. Deforestation 3. Agriculture

Question 38

Natural factors which increase global warming?

Answer 38

1. Orbital changes 2. Volcanic activity 3. Solar output

Question 39

Impacts of climate change?

Answer 39

1. Sea levels rise 2. Tropical storms will increase in strength 3. Species in specific areas may become extinct 4. Extreme weather occurrences more often

Question 40

Strategies to mitigate global warming

Answer 40

- Alternative energy - Planting trees - International agreements