Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

History topic 1 > Change and challenge in the workplace > Flashcards

Change and challenge in the workplace Flashcards

1
Q

When was the legal recognition of Trade Unions

A

1871

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What were reasons for industrial change post-WW1

A

Many industry was unchanged since Victorian period -outdated and competed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were some new areas of industry post-WW1

A

Cars
engineering factories
producer good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why were WW1 strikes kept to a minimum

A

David Lloyd George had a deal with Trade Unions

Wartime economy needed high discipline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What were some post-ww1 industrial grievances

A

Repressed wages

Rising prices

Rising food shortages

Ideological and political grievances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was Black Friday strike

A

1921 15th April

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were the members of the triple alliance

A

The miners federation of GB
The national union of railwaymen
national transport workers federation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were industries included in heavy industry

A

Steel, coal mining and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the two England’s in the interwar years of industry

A

Newer and older areas of industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many strikes were there in Britain in 1917 and with how many people

A

48 strikes across Britain
involved 200,000 people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many days were lost due to strikes in 1919, 1920 and 1921

A

1919-32 million days
1920-25 million days
1921-84 million days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happened in the 1921 miner’s strike

A

The MFGB (biggest union 900,000) were protesting the lengthened hours and cut wages
High levels of unemployment meant miners couldn’t complain

Could have easily been broken with dock workers help

Union leaders refused to accept pay cuts

Friday 15th April 1921 Black Friday

NUR and NTWF left miners alone to strike meaning that eventually miners were forced to accept the pay cuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does MFGB stand for

A

Miners federation of Great Britain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does NUR stand for

A

National Union of Railwaymen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does NTWF stand for

A

National Transport Workers Federation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were the effects of Black Friday

A

Miners had a lasting sense of grievances to other members of the triple alliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did Stanley Baldwin attempt to prevent the 1926 general strike

A

Gave pit owners subsidies to pit owners till May 1926 to maintain pay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happened during the 1926 general strike

A

1st May a million miners locked out refusing the 13.5% pay cuts and TUC announced a General Strike 3rd May

Strike collapsed as the 1906 trades dispute act gave unions legal immunity from damages and gave claims to profits for businesses

Miners wages slashed and 30% industry if its jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did the Trade disputes act 1927 do

A

Prevented sympathetic striking and mass picketing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why did the 1926 general strike fail

A

Government more organised than the TUC
Published the British gazette and used BBC to publish propaganda
anti-union organisations
Labour party distanced themselves from TUC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happened to union activity in the 1930s

A

Significantly weakened due to the Great depression and the aftermath of the general strikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was membership of unions 1922

A

8 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was union membership 1932

A

4.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who were the Bevin Boys

A

Men conscripted to work in the mines who recieved lower pay than older miners

went of 514 strikes in South Wales across the war period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happened in the 1944 Strike
100,000 welsh miners went on an unofficial strike for better wages
26
What happened in the 19e42 kent miners strike
Miners went on strike illegally leading the the government prosecuting 1,050 miners £1-£4 This led to other miners dropping their tools and the prosecutions being dropped
27
What did WW2 bring to British employment changes
Brought full employment Deployment of large numbers of women into factories and jobs previously dedicated to men Idle factories during 1930s now fully operational
28
What percentage of the citizen population was involved in the war effort in 1944
33%
29
What were the Bevin Boys
a controversial policy in December 1943 Conscription of 10% of young men in the coal ines rather than the military many of the boys hated this to armed service
30
How did full employment improve working conditions
Employers needed to keep workers in their workplaces using attractive wages and working conditions Workers more mobile and likely to leave a job that didn't suit them so employers offered benefits such as canteen facilities, sports and social clubs
31
What were the highest levels of unemployment 1948-1970
2% due to full employment
32
How many workers in the car industry in 1956
over 500,000
33
What was one issue with factory work
It was tedious due the repetitive work
34
What was a benefit to factory work
High pay
35
What was average pay factories workers received in 1951, 1961 and 1971
1951-£8.30 1961-£15.35 1971-£30.93
36
What was the relationship between the government and unions like during WW2
Unions and government worked closely together
37
What was the relationship between the government and unions like during the 50s and 60s
The era of consensus and corporatism gave unions a role in industrial policy and wage setting
38
What was the relationship between the government and unions like during late 60s and 70
Government had become gradually less cooperative and more antagonistic
39
Who was Ernest Bevin
Minister of labour and national service in the war years Previous leader of the Transport and General Workers Union
40
From a union point of view who was the most important member of cabinet in WW2
Ernest Bevin the leader of the transport and general workers union
41
What did Defence Regulation 58AA do and when was it introduced
Introduced in 1940 and it banned war time strikes and lockouts
42
What was significant at the 1942 Kent Miner's strike
Government fined miners who illegally striked between £1 and £3 however this led to miners in other pits to throw down there tools until the home secretary dropped charges and improved wages
43
Why were bevin boys angry during WW2
Younger miners who were conscripted too work in the mines but paid much less than the older more experienced miners
44
How many strikes were then in South Wales coal fields between 1939 and 1944
514
45
What did British miners find about the war and striking
War presented improved wages that peacetime did not
46
What was union membership 1940
6600
47
What was union membership 1945
7800
48
What was union membership 1950
9300
49
What was union membership 1955
9700
50
What was union membership 1965
10300
51
What was union membership 1970
11200
52
What was union membership 1975
11700
53
What was union membership 1980
12600
54
What did 1950s see regarding union membership
Due to the high era of unemployment the 1950s saw high trade union membership
55
What did the new prosperous union leadership mean
Emergence of leaders whose lifestyles were far removed from poorer members
56
What were the causes of the differences between old and younger union members in the post-WW2 era
Old members less affected by materialism Younger union members wanted pay rises to enable more consumerism
57
What did the rise of materlialism see a decline in
Deferential attitudes
58
How many strikes were there 1945-1954 per year
1751 strikes per year
59
How many strikes were there 1955 to 1964 per year
2241 strikes per year
60
Who blamed unions for economic performances in the post-ww2 era
Many Middle class newspapers such as the times
61
What was a growing perception in the post-ww2 era about unionised men
They were lazy, obstructive and too powerful
62
What were the 1960 wildcat strikes
Strikes that weren't officially sanctioned by the unions or the TUC
63
What did the public associate stewards with in the 1960s
a jumped-up Napoleon figure Actions of stewards associated with the wider unions
64
Why were the public associations for stewards a serious issue for Wilson 1960
Labour seen as sympathetic with unions due to their shared history so the voter may vote against them
65
How many strikes unofficial 1960s
90%
66
How many days lost on average each year in the 1960s
3 million days
67
How many days lost in 1968
4.7 million days - the year of the strike
68
What was the Girling brake strike
A 1968 wildcat strike at Girling brake company The Amalgamated union of engineering and Foundry workers (AEF) complained about a non AEF worker using a AEF only oil pump The walkout stopped the manufacture of brakes for the British car industry and led to 5000 workers being temporarily laid off
69
What was the cause of increased militancy 1960s
Creeping inflation
70
Who were the only people who benefitted from the growth of affluence in the 1960s
Those who were above the inflation pay increases and
71
What did the White paper 'In place of strife' consist of
Government could order a strike ballot before official industry action took place if the strike was deemed to threaten the economy Workers in unofficial strikes led by militant shop stewards could be ordered back to work for a 28 day cooling off period When unions fought the dispute would go to an industrial board who would hand down a legally binding verdict A strike that broke these rules would be declared illegal Unions could face stiff fines and members imprisoned
72
Who introduced the in place of strife white papers
Barbara Castle in 1969
73
Who supported the in place of strife white papers
Widespread public support
74
Who were opposed to the in place of strife white papers
Unions
75
What was labours reaction to the in place of strife white papers
Was divided on the issues
76
What was the Industrial Relations act 1971
Attempted to introduce all of castle's measures
77
Why did the industrial relations act 1971 fail
Ineffective as he time of soaring inflation led to a uncooperative TUC Heath's government hesitated in enforcing the new rules The miners had brought Heath to his knees
78
In 1970 why did miners want to strike
Consistently underpaid and undervalued- wages 3% lower than manufacturing workers Didn't feel like they were prospering off the nations affluence
79
What happened to the coal industry during the 1960s
Had shrunk drastically
80
What did the NCB do to miners throughout the 1960s
Closed 400 pits and made 420,000 miners redundant
81
What was the pay increase voted for by the miners union in 1970
33% increase
82
What were the NUM
National Union of Miners who had developed from the MFGB in 1945
83
Why did the 1970 miner strike not initially occur.
Needed 2/3s majority and received only 1/2
84
What changed meaning miners could strike in 1972?
only a 55% majority was needed for NUM to strike
85
What was the strategy flying pickets
Blocking off power stations and coal depots with men
86
Why was the 1972 strike successful
Heath had not planned for the strike and had no available resources to beat it
87
What change came about due to the 1972 strike
Government gave miners a 27% pay rise
88
Why did NUM call a second miners strike 1973-1974 winter
The 1973 oil crisis had led the country dependent on coal so saw an opportunity for fresh pay
89
What did the second miners strike 1973-1974 winter mean for Britain
electricity production declined leading to power cuts Gov had to call a state of emergency and order a 3 day work week
90
What was Heaths 1974 slogan and did it help him succeed in winning the election
Who governs Britain It failed as the voters had no confidence in the Tories to beat Britain
91
What did Wilson's gov 1974 negotiate with the unions
A social contract which was a voluntary code to prevent the need for a formal incomes policy
92
What was the winter of discontent
Winter of strike action between 1978-1979
93
What caused the winter of discontent
Denis Healy the chancellor enforced a strict 5% pay increase cap for low-payed workers
94
Why did 15000 auto workers go on strike in the winter of discontent
Ford tried to enforce the government pay policy
95
Why did membership of the Ford strike increase in october
The TGWU made the strike legal leading to 57000 total workerss
96
Why did the Ford strike end
Ford offered a 17% pay rise meaning the company incurred gov penalties
97
How much did Lorry drivers demand in 1978
40% pay rise
98
Why did the 1978 Haulage strikes fail
They had to withdraw due to the coldest winter since 1947
99
What was the main consequence of the winter of discontent
dramatic shift in public attitudes against TU
100
Want percentage of the public sector agreed with unions 1979
Only 20%
101
Want percentage of the public sector agreed with unions 1969
60%

History topic 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions