Change In Medicine

Question 1

Explain TWO ways in which the Public Health Act of 1848 was different from the Public Health
Act of 1875.

Answer 1

1. Enforcement of Public Health Measures:
   The Public Health Act of 1848 was largely permissive, meaning local authorities were encouraged but not required to implement public health measures, such as building sewers or ensuring clean water supplies. Only areas with high death rates were obligated to act, and even then, compliance was inconsistent.
   In contrast, the Public Health Act of 1875 was compulsory. Local councils were legally required to provide clean water, proper sewage systems, and sanitation. This marked a significant shift in the government’s role in public health.
   
   2. Role of Central Government:
      Under the 1848 Act, the Central Board of Health was established to oversee public health improvements, but its powers were limited, and it was disbanded in 1854. The Act relied heavily on local initiative.
      The 1875 Act gave central government more authority to enforce standards through local councils and inspectors, ensuring a nationwide framework for public health. This reflected a more proactive approach to addressing health issues across Britain.

Question 2

Explain TWO causes of improvements in care in hospitals in the years 1848-75

Answer 2

1. Florence Nightingale’s Reforms:
   Florence Nightingale revolutionized hospital care during and after the Crimean War (1853–56). She emphasized cleanliness, ventilation, and sanitation in hospitals, significantly reducing death rates. Her work led to the publication of “Notes on Nursing” (1859) and the establishment of nurse training schools, improving the professionalism and training of nurses. This elevated standards of care and hygiene in hospitals.
   
   2. Advancements in Medical Knowledge and Practices:
      The development of germ theory by Louis Pasteur in 1861 and its growing acceptance improved understanding of infection and disease. This led to cleaner surgical practices, reduced cross-contamination, and better patient outcomes. Antiseptics, introduced by Joseph Lister in the late 1860s, also transformed surgery, making hospitals safer places for treatment.