Change Oriented Leadership

Question 1

What is charisma?

Answer 1

The capacity of communication to influence people and make them love him/her.

Question 2

What are the elements that lead to - a need of - a charismatic relationship and leadership?

Answer 2

> Leader characteristics
Follower characteristics (ex: lost)
Situation requirements (ex: vulnerability)

Question 3

What are the characteristics of charismatics leaders?

Answer 3

> High self-confidence
> Strong convictions about ideas
> High energy and enthusiasm
> Expressive
> Excellent communication
> Active image-building

Question 4

What are the characteristics of charismatic followers?

Answer 4

> High degree of respect and esteem for the leader
> Loyalty and devotion to the leader
> Affection for the leader
> High performance expectations
> Unquestioning obedience

Question 5

What are the external situational requirements for a charismatic relationship or leadership?

Answer 5

> Sense of actual or imminent crisis
Perceived need for change
Opportunity to articulate ideological goal
Availability of dramatic symbols
Opportunity to articulate followers’ role

Question 6

What are the internal situational requirements for a charismatic relationship or leadership?

Answer 6

> Organizational life cycle (early and late)
> Complex task
> No external reward available
> Flexible and organic structure
> Non-bureaucratic cultures

Question 7

What are the universally positive cross-cultural attributes of leadership?

Answer 7

> Encouraging and positive
> Motivational
> Dynamic
> Having integrity
> Being trustworthy
> Team builder
> Decisive
> Intelligent
> Communicator
> Win-win problem solver

Question 8

What are the universally negative cross-cultural attributes of leadership?

Answer 8

> Being a loner
> Being non-cooperative
> Ruthless
> Non-explicit
> Irritable
> Dictatorial

Question 9

What are culturally contingent attributes of leadership?

Answer 9

> Risk-taking
> Enthusiasm
> How vision is communicated
> What constitutes good communication
> How much leader is seen as equal

Question 10

What are the characteristics of unethical charisma?

Answer 10

> Uses power for personal gain
> Promotes own vision
> Closed to criticism
> Top-down communication
> Insensitive to followers

Question 11

What are the characteristics of ethical charisma?

Answer 11

> Use power to serve others
> Match vision to follower needs
> Open to feedback
> Develops followers
> Encourages thinking

Question 12

What does Transactional leadership consist of?

Answer 12

> A focus on the procedure: getting the procedure done or changing the procedure.
This model uses:
- contingent reward
- management by exception
-> if people are getting things done the transactional leaders let them be

Question 13

What are the elements that constitute Transformational leadership?
Explicit.

Answer 13

> Charisma and Inspiration: overcome resistance to change
Intellectual stimulation: new ideas and empowerment
Individual consideration: motivate and encourage

Question 14

What are the common elements of Change-Oriented leadership theories?

Answer 14

> Vision is key
Empowerment
Flexibility and change
Teamwork and cooperation

Question 15

What are the defining elements of a motivating vision?

Answer 15

> Simple and clearly understandable
Challenging and idealistic while realistic and achievable
Appeals to values, emotions, and ideals
Forward-looking, while based on present

Question 16

What are the defining elements of credibility?

Answer 16

> Clarifying values
> Identifying what followers want
> Building agreement and consensus
> Communicating values with enthusiasm
> Standing up for your beliefs
> Role-modeling desired behaviors

Question 17

What are the practices typical of exemplary leadership?

Answer 17

> Challenging the process
> Role modelling
> Encouraging the heart
> Enabling followers to implement vision
> Creating a shared vision

Question 18

To motivate followers, what must leaders do?

Answer 18

> Set clear standards and goals
> Expect excellence
> Pay attention
> Personalize rewards and recognition
> Tell a story
> Celebrate together
> Be a role model

Question 19

In their “Laboratory Study of Charismatic Leadership” (1989), what do Howell and Frost propose on learning how to be charismatic?

Answer 19

> Communicate better your ideas and thoughts
Be able to bond with people on an emotional level
-> Work on yourself
Demonstrate an overarching (comprehensive) goal
Focus on the followers with a self-fulfilling message (pygmalion effect)

Question 20

In their “Laboratory Study of Charismatic Leadership” (1989), what do Howell and Frost call “framing”? How do you ‘frame’?

Answer 20

Selecting a framework for the message around certain goals:

• amplify values and belief: which illustrate the core higher values that appeal to the audience
• bring out the importance of the mission: emphasize and exaggerate the need for change and the attractiveness of the solution
• clarify the need to accomplish the mission: the ‘good’ of the mission ; dangers if not accomplished
• focus on the efficacy of the mission: examples to build the audience’s confidence in the correctness of the selected path

Question 21

In their “Laboratory Study of Charismatic Leadership” (1989), how do Howell and Frost perceive rhetoric? What do they propose as elements of rhetoric?

Answer 21

Use of metaphors, analogies, and brief stories to make the mission and goals concrete, set them apart for undesirable things or events that the audience is likely to know, and create the needed emotional reactions in followers.

• Alliteration: repetition of initial consonants sounds which provide a pleasing rhythm to the speech
• Non-verbal messages need to be consistent and support the spoken words
• Use of language that the audience will understand is key to an effective message
• Repetition of the key message through various means and media emphasizes its importance