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Fetal > Changes In Pregnancy > Flashcards

Changes In Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Something the patient complains of

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2
Q

What is a sign?

A

Something the doctor can see that represents disease

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3
Q

What are symptoms of pregnancy?

A
  • Sickness
  • breast tenderness
  • change in taste and sense of smell
  • food cravings/aversions
  • increased hunger
  • unusual vaginal bleeding, spotting, cramps
  • missed period
  • urinary frequency increased
  • swollen ankles
  • tired
  • heatburn
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4
Q

What are the signs of pregnancy?

A
  • increases in pigmentation e.g. darker nipples
  • dark line down the centre of the abdomen (linea nigra)
  • abdominal swelling
  • ill fitting bra
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5
Q

What is hyperemesis gravidarum?

A

Extreme persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

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6
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release during the menstrual cycle?

A

GnRH

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7
Q

Which hormone is present in high concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

hCG

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8
Q

Which hormones increase towards the end of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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9
Q

When is pregnancy measured from?

A

The first day of the last menstrual period

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10
Q

What does hCG do?

A
  • maintains the corpus luteum
  • stimulates the CL to produce oestrogen/progesterone
  • maintains the endometrium
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11
Q

Where is hCG secreted from?

A

The trophoblast

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12
Q

What does progesterone do?

A
  • t is a smooth muscle relaxant

- regulates homeostatic functions (respiratory centre, kidney/adrenal renin angiotensin aldosterone system)

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13
Q

What does progesterone act on?

A
  • uterus
  • blood vessels
  • GI tract
  • ureters
  • bronchi
  • vagina
  • ligaments
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14
Q

How does progesterone affect the respiratory system?

A
  • progesterone increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to CO2 in the brain
  • ventilation increases
  • reduced partial pressure of CO2
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15
Q

How does progesterone affect the blood vessels

A
  • relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel walls
  • vasodilation
  • increase in blood flow
  • reduction in blood pressure
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16
Q

How does progesterone affect the GI tract?

A
  • relaxation of smooth muscle
  • delayed gastric emptying
  • indigestion
  • increased risk of aspiration under anaesthetics
17
Q

How does progesterone affect the urinary tract?

A
  • relaxation of smooth muscle
  • stasis of urine
  • increased risk of urinary tract infection
18
Q

What does the placenta do?

A
  • produces steroid homones to support pregnancy (oestrogen and progesterone)
  • becomes primary support for growing foetus by 10-12 weeks
  • produces peptides (hPL and hCG)
19
Q

What happens to the cervix during pregnancy?

A
  • becomes soft and swollen
  • increased vascularity
  • increased mucus production
  • remodelling of cervical collagen
20
Q

What effect does vasodilation have?

A
  • decreased haemoglobin haematocrit serum albmin
  • increased blood flow
  • increase stroke volume
21
Q

What happens to the blood?

A
  • increase erythrocyte production
  • decrease in red blood cell conc (due to fluid retention)
  • Hb falls
  • increased white blood cells
  • increase in neutrophils compared to T or B lymphocytes
  • decreased platelet count
  • increase in younger larger platelets
22
Q

What is a hypercoagulable state?

A

Clotting is more likely to occur

23
Q

Why is a hypercoagulable state important for pregnancy?

A

For placental separation

24
Q

What complication does a hypercoagulable state present?

A

Clots more likely to occur e.g. deep vein thrombosis

25
Q

How is the cardiovascular system affected?

A
  • increase in stroke volume

- heart sounds representative of hyperdynamic circulation

26
Q

What is Starlings Law?

A

The strength of heart contractions is directly proportional to diastolic expansion

27
Q

What is blood pressure regulated by normally?

A

Renin angiotensin system

28
Q

What happens to the renal system?

A
  • enal blood flow determines the rate of filtration

- filtration rate increases

29
Q

What does Human Placental Lactogen do?

A

Acts as anti insulin

30
Q

What can happen if the placenta fails?

A

Hypoglycaemia

31
Q

What changes affect respiration?

A

-increased O2 demand
-increased CO2 production (due to foetal metabolism)
increasing size of foetus reduces space for lung expansion

32
Q

What happens to the breasts?

A
  • the lactiferous ducts develop
  • 8-14lobes - each one drains to a mammary duct
  • secretory alveoli develop at the end of the ducts
  • oxytocin - milk ejection
  • prolactin and placental lactogen in the presence of oestrogens, progesterones and growth factors

Fetal (2 decks)

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