Changes in the Role of the People Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What kind of wars were the first and Second World War and what is this?
A
- Total war
- Involves whole pop in war effort
2
Q
ADDED CARD:
How did civilians have a major impact on the French Wars, the Crimean War and the Boer War, even though the war did not have a large impact on them?
A
- In the French Wars, the efforts of virtually the entire population contributed to their victory
- In the Crimean War, public opinion, influenced by a powerful press and reporting from the war, helped bring about a change in PM. It also showed how women could assist the war effort eg Nightingale and Seacole
- In the Boer War, civilian uproar led to a change in concentration camp policy
3
Q
What was the Bank of England responsible for and how was this advantageous when compared to other countries?
A
- Issuing gov bonds
- They could pay with a promissory note when they commissioned work whereas other govs had to pay for everything in cash
4
Q
Promissory note:
A
Piece of paper promising that debt will be settled on demand
5
Q
Why were gov bonds a good way to make money, despite the fact that it was not quick?
A
Gov was rarely short of willing investors in a new bond issue
6
Q
What other things were issued in addition to standard bonds and how did they differ from normal bonds?
A
- Consols
- No fixed period in which they had to be repaid
7
Q
State 2 wars where consols were issued when they were in desperate need for money:
A
- Crimean War
- 1920s after WW1
8
Q
What were the benefits of consuls for the investor? (2)
A
- Every quarter they would receive an interest payment
- Consols become highly tradable on stock market when rate of inflation was very low
9
Q
When were the first consols issued and at what interest rate?
A
1750s w/ rate of 3.5%
10
Q
In general, did consols form a large part of gov debt?
A
No
11
Q
How were the French Wars financed, alongside the methods from before? (5)
A
- Indirect tax reforms
- New tax on inheritance
- Suspension of gold payments by Bank of England (BoE)
- Reduction in import duties
- Introduction of income tax (Income tax Act)
12
Q
Between 1783 and 1792, how much had gov revenue been increased by, as a result of the indirect tax reforms?
A
12.7 mil to 18.6 mil pounds
13
Q
When was the income tax introduced and what was the rate?
A
- 1798
- 2 old pence on incomes above £60/yr, 2 shillings above £200/yr
14
Q
Who did the tax affect and how much money did the tax bring about in the first year?
A
- Wealthy businessmen and landowners
- Extra 6 mil
15
Q
When was income tax suspended, why and when was it reinstated?
A
- 1802, as peace was signed
- 1803, as war broke out again
16
Q
From 1815 to 1914, how were Britain’s small wars paid for? (2)
A
- Taxation
- Small increases in national debt
17
Q
Why is it that colonial wars throughout the 19th century did not need much finance? (3)
A
- Enemy was often few in number, so a large number of British troops were not needed
- Enemy was often poorly equipped
- British were able to conscript local troops to fight for them
18
Q
Which 2 wars required heavy gov borrowing?
A
- Crimean War
- 2nd Boer War
19
Q
How was the First World War financed? (8)
A
- Gov bonds
- Direct loans
- War bonds offered to public
- War Savings Certificate Accounts
- Increased tax revenue
- BoE kept gold as emergency reserve
- BoE issued more banknotes
20
Q
Give a stat to show the heavy amount of gov borrowing during WW1:
A
Between 1914 and 1918, national debt increased from 625 mil to 7,800 mil
21
Q
Where was money borrowed from through the form of gov bonds and direct loans?
A
- Gov bonds: British and international institutions (many from US)
- Direct loans: Other govs (notably the US)
22
Q
What are war bonds?
A
Investment bonds bought by individuals on the understanding that after the war gov would pay them back plus interest
23
Q
How much interest was the first issue of war bonds and how did this change?
A
- 5%
- 3.5%
24
Q
Were war bonds expensive?
A
They could be priced as low as £5 so that ordinary people could afford to invest
25
What were War Savings Accounts?
People bought stamps for 15 shillings and sixpence on the understanding that you would receive £1 back in 5 yrs
26
In what 3 ways was the revenue from taxation increased during WW1?
- Introduced tax on business profits --> increased to 80% by 1918
- Lowered income tax exemption level from £160 to £130
- Increased income tax rate from 3.75% in 1914 to 30% in 1918
27
What was different about the financing of the war in WW1?
First time where people were asked to personally help finance war effort
28
Who are camp followers?
Civilians who do not have an official role in army but, for various reasons, choose to follow them on their campaign
29
During the Peninsular War, how many wives were allowed per company for the lower ranks and how was selection usually done?
- 6 wives
- By ballot
30
In general, were wives allowed to accompany their husbands on campaign and what did they have to follow?
- Yes, they were listed on the official company strength
- Army rules and regulations
31
Give examples of unofficial camp followers: (2)
- Wives and children who had not been selected in ballot
- Local women who had become attached to a soldier
32
Give some features that show what life was like for camp-followers: (3)
- Had to march long distances
- Official women were given rations/tent to sleep in
- Unofficial ones had to fend for themselves
33
Why was it that wives resorted to camp-following? (4)
- If work was difficult to get, the other alternative was the workhouse
- Difficult for soldiers to send money home eg irregular delivery during French wars
- Did not trust husbands would not dispose of surplus wages on drink and prostitutes
- The law discriminated against them greatly so it was hard for them to live without a man
34
Which other unofficial group would commonly follow armies around and why? (3)
- Groups of prostitutes
- Forced into this to survive
- Men with surplus wages and time would be more willing to engage in the services of a prostitute
35
Give one stat to show the extent of engagement in prostitution in the army:
During 1850s, 1 in 5 servicemen had succumbed to a venereal disease
36
As a result of the higher numbers of men with venereal disease, what act was passed and what did this enforce?
- Contagious Diseases Act (1864)
- Women could be examined and could be detained for up to 3 months if they were found to be infected with a venereal disease
37
When was the Contagious DIseases Act repealed and why?
- 1869
- Social reformer Josephine Butler formed an association against the sexist act
38
Give one example of how obtaining work was challenging for a single woman:
Barred from certain professions such as law/medicine
39
What were the positives of being a camp-follower, as a woman? (3)
- Camaraderie of other women
- Possibility of making a living, as there were always jobs that needed doing which soldiers were willing to pay for
- Security of remarriage w/ other men if their husband passed
40
What kind of private enterprises were available to make money? (4)
- Prostitution
- Selling alcohol to gunsmiths
- Cobblers
- Cutlers (person who sells cutlery)
41
Which war saw the beginning of professional military medical care and who was the most famous non-official medical practitioner?
- Crimean War
- Mary Seacole
42
On the contrary, give an example of an individual who was an official nurse:
- Florence Nightingale
43
Prior to the Crimean War, how was medical care carried out? (2)
- Medical care was given by bandsmen who acted as stretcher bearers and surgeon who was attached to each battalion
- Nursing would be done by camp-followers
44
Out of the three people responsible for medical care prior to the Crimean War, who did soldiers prefer to be treated by and why? (3)
- The camp follower wives, as they had been taught practical folk remedies from a young age
- Not the surgeon, as often the ones in the army were the worst
- Not the bandsmen, as they had joined the army to play music
45
What did army rations consist of, who was expected to cook and in reality, who cooked?
- Hard biscuit, bread, meat, alcohol
- Soldiers would cook for themselves
- Soldiers who had partners with them got them to cook
46
Who kept army uniforms and equipemnt serviceable by running repairs?
Camp followers
47
During which war were there no longer any camp followers?
WW1
48
Why were militia units first formed?
Due to threat of an invasion from France
49
What did militia units do and what were their key features?
- Useful duties and served as a base to recruit regulars
- Part-time
- Not eligible for foreign service
50
What can cavalry militia units be divided into and what are each of these?
- Fencibles: temporary units that cannot be sent abroad
- Yeomanry: part-time soldiers whose main role was to act against civil unrest
51
When were fencibles disbanded?
1803 after Peace of Amiens
52
Who were infantry units raised by?
Counties
53
What did militia units and volunteer units do?
- Military unit: Given garrison duty away from home to avoid conflict of loyalty when policing civil unrest
- Volunteer units: Defended local area against invasion
54
Give one example of a yeomanry unit:
- South Notts Yeomanry Cavalry
- Raised in 1794 as 4 troops who operated independently from each other
- Involved in suppressing Nottingham bread riots in 1795
55
In 1790s, who were militia units financed by and give an example to show this:
- Wealthy individuals or by popular subscription
- Shropshire Yeomanry was financed by popular subscription, where MP William Pulteney contributed £5,000
56
After 1803, how did the financing of militia units change?
Gov money was now available to units but only if they agreed to complete a set number of training days each year
57
When did the reservists become a structured part of nation's defence and why was this done?
- When Parliament passed Militia Act (1852)
- In response to fear of French invasion and lack of planning for this
58
What did the Militia Act (1852) say?
Provided for militia force of 80,000 men to be enlisted by ballot/voluntarily (not conscription as there were ways around it and there were usually enough volunteers)
59
Give 2 features of volunteer units:
- Patriotic and enjoyable for volunteers
- Freed from discipline of militia
60
When did volunteer units start becoming popular and in what way did army leaders see them as useful?
- 1860s
- Irregular troops whose rifle skills would provide a useful skirmish line
61
When was the Defence of the Realm Act passed and what was it?
- Aug 1914
- Gave gov unprecedented powers to influence almost every aspect of everyday life
62
Give examples of some of the things that had now become an offence because of DORA to prevent spying: (4)
- Fly a kite
- Light a bonfire
- Buy binoculars
- Any talk about military affairs in public
63
Give examples of some of the things that had been done because of DORA to maintain the economy: (4)
Intoxicating Liquor Act (1914) --> to reduce absenteeism due to drunkenness:
- Restricted pub opening times
- Landlords told to water down beers
- Drinkers could not buy beers in rounds
More daylight for agricultural workers:
- Introduction of British Summer Time
64
Which Act introduced in 1915 to manage the war economy and what did it do?
- Munitions of War Act of 1915
- It gave governments the power to declare any essential plant 'a controlled establishment'
65
What was included in the Munitions of War Act that regulated the conduct of workers? (6)
- Strikes were prohibited
- Workers couldn't leave employment in a war industry without written consent of employer
- No worker could refuse to take on new job, even if it had low rates
- No worker could refuse to do overtime, even if unpaid
- Gov could direct skilled workers to work in specific industries in specific areas of the country
- Dilution: skilled jobs could be broken down into smaller components and done by unskilled workers
66
In return for the limits placed on workers as a result of the Munitions of War Act, would benefits were they given? (3)
- Wages would be protected and pay rises could be offered, only with agreement of gov
- Workplace disputes would be solved by compulsory arbitrations
- Scope for shareholders to enjoy a return on their investment
67
Which two key industries were under some form of gov control?
- Coal
- Transport
68
How was the coal industry under gov control during the war? (2)
- Profits fixed to 1913 levels for duration of war, with any surplus going directly to Treasury
- Feb 1917 --> Coal controller appointed, showing that although coals were currently in private ownership, they could be nationalised should the mines not comply with gov guidelines
69
How was the transport industry under gov control during the war?
- Profits fixed to 1913 levels for duration of war, with any surplus going directly to Treasury
- Continued to be privately owned
- However, by 1918, most merchant ships had been requisitioned by ministry of shipping
70
What issue was there with recruitment during the first months of WW1?
Young men, many of whom were skilled workers, flocked to join armed forces
71
As a result of the need to maintain the armed forces with the requirements of industry and agriculture at home, what were recruiting sergeants instructed to do? (2)
- Not to recruit men from reserved occupations, which included miners, shipbuilders, farmers, drivers etc
- Some men who had already signed up were recalled
72
However, as the war went on, what happened to those in reserved occupations and what other factor allowed this to happen?
- Called into the army as more people died
- Due to deployment of women in industry
73
ADDED CARD:
What did Suffragette groups demand?
- They demanded that they should be allowed to serve the country by undertaking work that would release men from their military duty
74
However, despite the change in the nature of women's work, what did not change? (2)
- The number of women doing waged work
- Most British women were still housewives by the end of war
75
How did the deployment of women in industry allowed those in reserved occupations to fight in the army? Give stats to show this:
- They took over their jobs
- Over 200,000 women became civil servants during the war
- Women working in munitions industry increased from 82,860 in Jul 1914 to 947,000 in Nov 1918
76
Why was food an issue for Britain? (2)
- In 1914, 60% of Britain's food was imported, which meant merchant shipping was very important
- As a result, any drop in domestic food production could have major effect on food supply
77
Why was there a strain on merchant shipping and what 2 problems did this create?
- Because of unrestricted U-boat warfare
- By end of 1916 --> shortages in shops and long queues
- Price of food, when it was available had risen drastically
78
In order to tackle the issues caused by the strain on merchant shipping, what 3 measures did the gov take?
1. Massive shipbuilding programme to make good the losses to merchant fleet and imports would still flow into country
2. Setting up food agency
3. Introducing rationing
79
What changes were made under the creation of the food agency? (5)
- Given powers to supervise food production
- Livestock farmers encouraged to turn to food crops eg wheat, barley (kept prices of these artificially high to ensure they switched)
- Every farm came under control of Board of Agriculture, which made sure farmer was making best use of land
- Wage of male landowners set at national minimum to keep workers on farm
- Women's Land Army created to provide women labourers to take men's place when they went to fight
80
How successful was the WLA?
- Not very
- Only 16,000 women joined in the end
81
When was compulsory rationing introuced and how was it managed?
- Jan 1918
- Staples like meat, butter were rationed to a certain amount each week
- Bread was not rationed and prices were subsidised to ensure people wouldn't go hungry
82
Give a stat to show the success of rationing:
Although varied and rich diet wasn't possible, number of calories in avg diet only dropped by 3%
83
Give stats to show the success of the restrictions on alcohol consumption (Intoxicating Liquor Act, 1914): (2)
- Beer consumption halved by 1918
- Consumption of spirits was less than half
84
Following the restriction on information as a result of DORA, when was the first time correspondents were allowed access to frontlines and how was this limited?
- 1916
- Given carefully written statements by Army Press Bureau
85
Give 2 stats to show the extent of censorship during WW1:
- 38,000 articles were examined by gov censors
- The 'Tribunal' newspaper shut down due to its support for conscientious objectors
86
How many posters were printed during WW1 and what other media was used as propaganda? (2)
- Over 50 mil
- Films
- Organisation of rallies
87
Give one example of propaganda during WW1:
Use of real incidents like Zeppelin raid on civilian targets to add to exaggerated claims about babies being bayonetted
