Changing Cities Flashcards
1
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
urbanisation-an increased proportion or
percentage of people living in an urban
area
2
Q
what is a developing country?
A
A country with low human development
3
Q
what is an emerging country?
A
A country with a high or medium human development
4
Q
What is a developed country?
A
A country with very high human development
5
Q
what is urban structure?
A
the arrangement of land use in urban areas
6
Q
What are land use zones?
A
Areas in urban areas that have functions such as retail particular
7
Q
what is the central business district
A
the centre of the city where many offices and shops are located
8
Q
what is a commuter village?
A
A rural village separate from the city but within commuting distance(by car, train,etc) for its residents that work in the city
9
Q
what is De-centralisation?
A
the movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from the CBDs into housing estates, retail and business parks in the suburbs
10
Q
what is dereliction?
A
Where buildings are left unused or abandoned
11
Q
What is de-industrialisation?
A
Declining industrial activity in a region or economy which causes high levels of unemployment
12
Q
What is globalisation?
A
The increasing connections between places and people across the world, through trade, ideology and cultural exchange
13
Q
What is integrated transport ?
A
A system that links different types of transportatiuon to give commuters access to the whole city.
14
Q
What is International Migration ?
A
The movment of people between countries, for work or long term residence
15
Q
What is a Lower Income Country (LIC) ?
A
A country of low wealth and limited level of development
16
Q
What is a major city ?
A
A city with a population of at least 200,000 inhabitants
17
Q
what percentage of uk population live in towns or cities (urban areas)?
A
82%
18
Q
push and Pull Factors causing migration
A
PUSH
•People’s homes and jobs destroyed by a natural disaster.
•Automation (things like combine harvesters) cause people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture.
•Land becomes uninhabitable because of processes like desertification.
•Government mandate (Singapore under Lee Kuan-Yew forced people to move from farms into apartments in cities).
•Civil wars, like the Syrian Civil War, can force people to leave a place.
•Poor healthcare
PULL
•Cities usually have more doctors, nurses, teachers, and other wellbeing infrastructure.
•If the trend is that more people are moving to cities, people may just move to live closer to their family and friends.
•Cities usually have more cinemas, shops and fun things to do. Flight Club Darts and Junkyard Mini •Golf in the UK open sites in major cities, but not in rural areas.
•Cultural Freedom
•More infrastructure e.g more cinemas and shops etc
•Better living Conditions
19
Q
urbanisisation
A
the rise/ increase proportion or percentage of people living in urban areas
20
Q
suburbanisation push and pull factors
A
pull:
Cheaper housing
more greenbelt areas better for raising children
construction + house renovation is easier
Push: government removing slums and shanti towns de-industrialisation crime air pollution
21
Q
situation of manchester
A
A major city in the north-west of the uk
22
Q
situation of manchester
A
A major city in the north-west of the uk
23
Q
situation defenition
A
description of the settlement in relation to other settlements and physical features around it
24
Q
land use defenition
A
the purpose of an area
25
the main functions of cbd
high conc of shops and offices
high price of land
shops,tall, lots of main transport
26
suburban sprawl
irapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns
27
consequences of suburbanisation
leave a hole in cbd (holowing out) (ec)
better sense of community in suburbs(s)
increased pressure on greenbelt areas(en)
inc demand for local reatailling and services(ec+ s)
inc derelict+ empty buildings in CBD(ec +s)
28
causes for counter-urbanisation
```
push:
trafiic congestion
poor conditions in cities
expensive housing
less space- overcrowing
crime
```
```
pull
large houses and gardens
cheaper housing
better quality of life
better technology
better transport(allows commuting)
```
29
consequences of counter-urbanisation
positive effect:
diversity increase
gentrification
reduced inner city
negative effect
house price increased
dormitory life-travelling to city/ town from suburbs
30
causes of re-urbanisation
push
governemt policies
new,eco-friendly buuildings are more affordable
counter-urbanisation raised house prices in suburbs
pull
young people often want to live close to work
university
31
Impacts of de-industrialisation
```
tactories derelict
unemployment went un
people stayed unemoosen
people mad little money
anons had less tuna,
causes:
acobalisation
be-centralisation
```
32
man=hesters sustainable living
3500 park and ride schemes
bus lanes
jobs such as sustainability consulantant-5000 jobs creted
oxford road corridor has no cars but only buses bikes
developing safe enviroment exteding to health and social provisiomd
tram system
bus lanes
educating about sustainability and caring for environment
33
Why did people in developed countries first move to cities?
•Industrial revolution
•Agricultural revolution
Towns in UK grew by 10% a year between 1830 and 1890
Now 82% of UK pop live in a city
34
Why are cities in developing emerging countries growing so fast?
Push
Poor medical facilities
Fewer opportunities
“Primitive” living conditions
Loss of Wealth
Pull
Better medical care
Better living conditions
Cultural freedom
Political freedom
Family ties
More Jobs
More Facilities
35
What is quality of life in Mumbai ?
Topped list among 21 big cities in. Survey conducted to assess the capability of city admisisntaion to deliver a better quality of life over the medium and long term. However there are any factors that are bad for quality of life in umbai such as floods in Mumbai
Making life harder for people in Mumbai destroying their homes having a negative economic impact
36
Accessibility
The quality of being able to be reached from different places
37
Dense Population
A high population density in relation to the area that contains it (lots of people)
38
Resources
The total means available for economic & political growth; such as mineral wealth & labour force
39
Sparse Population
A low population density in relation to the area that contains it (few people)
40
Conurbation
An area in which a number of existing urban areas have grown & merged into one large urban area
41
Urban Core
Areas that have high population densities & high transit, walking and cycling work trip market shares
42
Tertiary industry
An industry which provides a service, such as banks, shops, schools, hospitals and restaurants
43
Rural Periphery
The outskirts of a countryside area- very remote places
44
Quaternary Industry
An industry which provides intellectual services such ad universities, research & development
45
Industrialisation
The move from an economy dominated by the primary sector to manufacturing
46
What is a site ?
Describes the actual land on which a settlement is built. Physical factors are most important in the initials choice of a site
47
What is Situation ?
Describes the location of a settlement in relation to the things that re around it
48
Location of Manchester
Manchester is a nodal point this is where many routes join (rivers)
49
The types of Settlement Sites - Defensive
In order to protect themselves from an attack, settlements were built within a river meander, with the river giving protection on three sides, , Shrewsbury, or on a hill with good views Edinburgh
50
The types of Settlement Sites - Bridging Point
Where a river was shallow enough to be crossed (a ford) or narrow enough to easily build a bridge (Oxford).
51
The types of Settlement Sites - Dry Point
In especially wet
areas, settlements
were built on
slightly raised land
to avoid flooding or
the unhealthy
marshland
(Ely in
Cambridgeshire).
52
The types of Settlement Sites - Nodal Point
Where natural
routes meet, such
as several valleys
(York) or at the
confluence of two
rivers
(Cockermouth)
Or Route Focus
53
The types of Settlement Sites - Wet Point
These settlements
were built at a
source of water in
an otherwise dry
area. For example,
in lowland Britain,
many settlements
were built at
springs at the foo
of chalk
escarpments
(North Downs
54
Connectivity
The sate of being connected to the movement and flows involving human activity
55
Routeways
A track, road, rail or waterway, used as a route to somewhere
56
Transport Nodes
A special point within a transportation route or network where travellers or vehicles can enter or change route
57
Function detention
The purpose of an area e.g for residential use or recreation or shopping
58
Land use definition
The types of buildings or other features that are found in an area e.g terraced housing
59
The main function of CBD’s
•High conc of shops and offices
•High price of land
•Shops, tall buildings, main transport
60
Models used to show Uban Land use
Burgess
Pros
•Simple concentric circle model
•Good if towns and cities grow outwards fro an old centre
Cons
•Idea created in 1924- only based on Chicago
•Not great when towns don’t grow equally in all directions
Actions for improvement
•Could have studied more cities
•Could have studied in more detail on how the cities grow
Hoyt
Pros
•Developed after introduction of public transport
•1939 - Based on 142 American cities
Cons
•Sectors vary with different transport routes
Action for improvement
•He could have studied more cities in various countries around the world
61
CBD Characteristics
62
CBD Characteristics- Manchester
Social
•Busy:traffic & pedestrians
•Nodal point for transport routes- Man Picadilly & Victoria train stations
•Little residential land use
Economic
•High price of land
•Buildings are tall with multiple uses- e.g offices, hotels some shops
Cultural
•Conc of shops & offices+ Randal shopping centre
•Often zone with oldest buildings
63
Inner City Characteristics- Main focus Manchester
Example Moss Side
Social
•Small houses, built near to factories to house workers
Economic
•Pooper people who can’t afford to commute & can only afford small houses traditionally live here
Cultural
•Ethinic groups live where so near important places e.g worship places
64
Suburbs characteristics - Manchester
Example: Chorlton park - Suburbs
Social
•Less crowded & more pleasant, with less traffic and pollution
Economic
•Richer people who can afford to commute & Big houses live here
Cultural
People with families liv here as large spaces for leisure
65
What are models ?
Theoretical frameworks that let us predict things like spatial relationships interaction with or across a space, and other issues of Geography
66
What is a rural-urban fringe
On the outskirts of a city- This is where a town/city meets the country(side)
67
Suburbanisation
The sociospatial process urban cities expand beyond original central areas forming suburbs
68
Counter-urbanisation definition
The movement of people from urban areas back to rural ones
69
Re-urbanisation
Movement of people back into an urban area that was previously abandoned or had a pop decrease
70
What is re-development ?
The rehabilitation of city areas by renovating or replacing dilapidated buildings with new housing, public buildings, parks, roadways, industrial areas, etc
71
Suburbanisation -Push and Pull factors
Push
•Overcrowding
•De-industrialisation- leading to job losses
•Fewer local services inked to high unemployment
Pull
•Perceived increase in quality of life
•More space
•Better housing
•Ease of commuting
•Increased in jobs and services- due to increase in pop and growth e.g out of town shopping
72
What is de-industrialisation and what are the causes
De-industrialisation is the reduction of industrial activity in an area
Causes
**Technological Advances**
Technology advancing quickly meaning can replace jobs of humans+ better factories an be built overseas
**Globalisation**
When countries come more connected
Manufacturing businesses had to compete with international businesses
+Workers had to compete with workers internationally who were happy to receive less pay
Leading to bankruptcy as profit margins are lower
73
Greenfield site
Undeveloped land used for agricultural design or left natural
74
Hollowing out defitnioon
Movement of people away from an area that leads to closure and disrepair
75
Brownfield sites defenition
Brownfield site - an old industrial or inner-city site that is cleared for a new building development
76
Green belt meaning
Green belt - land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas on which building is restricted
77
Counter urbanisation-
movement of people form urban areas back out to rural ones
78
Causes for counter urbanisation
Push
Traffic congestion
Poor conditions in cities
expensive housing
Less space
Crime
Pull
Large houses and garden
Cheaper housing
Better quality of life
Better tech
Better tranport
79
Consequences of counter-urbanisation
Positive and negative
Pros
Diversity increases
Gentrification(change character of nebourhood through more affluent residents and business)
Reduced inner city congestion
Cons
House price increased
Dormitory lufe
80
Dormitory village meaning
An are near a city in which people live but travel each day to nearby town or bigger city to work
81
Urban-regeneration
When action is taken to improve an urban area that has e lined in a number of areas
82
Causes of reburbaisation
Reurbanisation- the redebveolpmeny of inner urban area to create new homes and job
Causes
Push
Govt polices often favour redevelopment of brownfield site
New ecofridenly buildings are more affordable to run
Counter urbanisation had lead to higher prices
Pull
Young people often want to live close to work and be in an area with entertainment facilities
Universities attract young people who want a good education
83
Examples of urban regeneration
Building new or modern house
Providing new healthcare and education servcies
Building new transport routes
84
Urban regeneration in Manchester - New Islington
Housing - houses were falling down and damp this was bad as some of the houses collapsed on people causing injuries and deaths. Houses that were damp often lead to causing illness .To stop this 1,70 new houses were built safe and warm, this meant people weren’t injured or I’ll meaning could get jobs and provide for family
Transport- no transport links = people couldn’t get to work this meant they couldn’t provide for faimily as no access to jobs meaning no income and no support for family..Tranprot routes into rides more people could get into Manchester increasing access to j probs
Healthcare- alcohol problem and addiction no good doctors or health doctors surgery built and acholol and drug problem clinics= better quality of life
Education- schools damaged falling apart teachers were bad a trashing . = poor education + bad job= new school built so better teahcers hired better qualifications = more money
Shops+services= not much shops + servcies -had to travel further so less jobs in local community they built new sho[s and services aswell as Tesco butchers and bakeries. Ore job opportunities
Outdoor space- no outdoor space- negative impact on health - news [artks tracks and wilds de were created- football pitches.- improved mental health
No youth clubs activites- kids not socialising = crime rates higher new youth clubs stated e.g football , scouts= more activities= more entertainment= less crime
85
Populations growth in Manchester
541,000 + increased by 29% since 2011
Proportion of Christian’s decreased by 22%
People with no religious affiliation increased to 58.15 Muslims to 73.6%
86
Migration to Manchester
National
To restore
Better jobs
Students to study
International
Asylum seekers escaping oncologist
Cheap housing
87
Impacts of migration on Manchester
Multiculturalism 20%
Ethinic communities 68%
1 younger pop students average age 20-40
Multiculturalism increased
New rate of growth in housing
Presse on services
88
De industrialisation
Decline of industrial activity in a city
Impact s
Derelict brownfield beuldingd and sites
Great Depression
People with little money
urban povert
Unemployment crime - unemployment t
Schools had less funding as less people working poorer e area
Causes
Globalisation - cities become part of global markets so is cheaper to have workers abroad competition on between compared
Decentralisation- news[aper rainy
Technological Davies - more goods cheaper less profit also means replaces human
89
How everything in his in Manchester how it is organised
Core - high rise offices
Bloc,s with specialist shops and large deparmetent stores
Done of discard- older bonded shops and offices block
Zone of assimilation- expansion of CBD
Outer Coe- town hall theatre
Frame - wholesale, light manufacture
90
Decentralisation reason
Increased car ownership
Increased road building
Cheap land on edge of urban areas
Plentiful supply of derelict ;and
High parking prices in urban areas
Use of home freezers
91
Trafford centre
Out of town shopping
9 Km CBD
Probs close down soon
Easy access
Shops in area
Covered over
92
Reviving city centre - Manchester
Improved public transport
Shopper buses
Tram network
Transport interchange s
Park and ride schmes
Improving saftey
Predeastionisation
Green areas on street with furniture
CCTV
Landscaping
Encouraging re-urbanisation
Limiting out of ton developmt
93
Sustainability in Manchester
Cycle pays.
Ibrahim Maine commmutnity- developing safe nerviest of health and social provision
I can provides facilities where disadvantaged young people earn and address inequality
Sustainability
Park and ride schmes
Pedestrianisation
Oxford road corridor
Litter police - fine for cigarette
Carbon emotions reduced by 54%
Sustainability consultancy
5000 jobs created related to Dustin a bill
New homes
New schools
Recycling increased
39% trips sustainability;e
94
Mumbai
21 million
Home to Bollywood
Most densely populated 11 mil use a day
Dora I+ slum in Mumbai
10,000 different businesses
165 million doll cares
113-14 tonnes of plastic recycled a day
95
Where is Mumbai
South west coast of India next to Arabian Sea
96
Mumbai improvements
Healthcare charity
Education improve tan
Rehousing statute gives
Bolllywood
