Changing Climate

Question 1

What is weather?

Answer 1

The state of the atmosphere at a given time and respect, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure

Question 2

What is climate?

Answer 2

Long term weather pattern of a an area, including temperature, precipitation and wind, how weather acts over many years

Question 3

What is icehouse?

Answer 3

Lower temperatures, ice caps and glaciers, huge increase in ice coverage then increases drop in global temperatures by reflecting more if subs radiation back into space, ice sheets present at poles

Question 4

What is greenhouse?

Answer 4

Lack of ice coverage, overall increase in global temperatures, increase amount of solar radiation reaching earth or change in concentration off gases in the atmosphere

Question 5

How can climate affect extinction events?

Answer 5

Extinction of species can be influenced by climate change, organisms thrive in limited range of conditions, if these change can lead to species wiped out

Question 6

How can isotopes of oxygen be used to indicate climate change?

Answer 6

Atoms of oxygen within water can vary, 99.76% O16 and 0.20% O18. O16 lighter so evaporates easier, O18 left in the ocean. In icehouse, O16 locked on land as precipitated as snow or ice, so conc of O18 in sea increases in cooler climate. Evidence in caco3 shells

Question 7

How can carbon isotopes be used to indicate temperature change?

Answer 7

Common is C12, 98.9%, and less common C13, 1.1%. Plants preferentially take up C12, so in hotter tropical climates, more tree ratfish biomass, and concentration of C13 in the ocean increases

Question 8

What am causes climate change?

Answer 8

Change to amount of heat energy from solar radiation reaching the surface

Question 9

What is a runway effect?

Answer 9

Equilibrium changes and causes positive feedback

Question 10

How does positive feedback occur in an icehouse?

Answer 10

Increased snowfall, reflects now radiation as high albedo, temperatures drop even further, results in increases snow and ice so even more reflection, could lead to snowball earth

Question 11

How does positive feedback occur in a greenhouse?

Answer 11

Small inc in temp allows oceans to release more Co2 than they absorb, traps not IR radiation, raising temperature and releasing more Co2

Question 12

How can climate changes be predicted?

Answer 12

Milankovich cycles, cycle cause by changes in amount if radiation reaching the earth from the sun over time, not because sun changes output in energy, but due to earths orbit around the sun that varies in three predictable cycles

Question 13

What is eccentricity?

Answer 13

Earths orbit changes shape to become more elliptical over a period of 100 000 years, means increased difference in seasons

Question 14

What is obliquity?

Answer 14

The tilt if the earths axis which is responsible for our changing seasons, changes up to 3 degrees over cycle of 41000 years . Smaller tilt promotes growth of ice sheets as warmer winters result in more moisture and snowfall

Question 15

What is precession?

Answer 15

Eccentricity and obliquity together cause this cycle where the inclination if the earths axis changes in relation to where it is in the orbit period of 19 000 and 23 000 years

Question 16

What is aphelion?

Answer 16

Point in a planets orbit when it is furthest from the sun, usually elliptical

Question 17

What is perihelion?

Answer 17

The point in a planets orbit when it is closest to the sun

Question 18

What is the evidence for milankovich cycles?

Answer 18

Blue Lias and kimmeridge clay in Lyme Regis in Dorset, cyclic pattern of beds in 41 000 year cycle, correlates with obliquity cycle

Question 19

What is a Milankovich cycle?

Answer 19

Cyclical changes in the rotation and orbit if the earth, correlating with climactic effects

Question 20

What are the concerns surrounding global climate change?

Answer 20

Sea level rise leading to coastal flooding and erosion, cities close to the sea at risk

Question 21

Why is sea level difficult to measure?

Answer 21

Sea level varies with tide, atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and salinity, and isostatic changes

Question 22

What are isostatic changes in sea level?

Answer 22

Se level changes due to uplift or subsidence of the continental crust. Often sinks when loaded with ice or sediment, rising again when such loads are removed. Only seen in affected region

Question 23

What are eustatic changes in sea level?

Answer 23

Sea level changes are due to changes in the volume of the ocean basins it volume of water in them. Changes are seen worldwide

Question 24

How are last sea levels measured?

Answer 24

Seismic evidence to find Unconformities due to transgression or regression
Using exposed geology to estimate the areas of flooded continents through time
Oxygen isotopes to assess the last temperatures and therefore amount of ice

Question 25

What geological features indicate changes in sea level?

Answer 25

Raised beached and cliff lines, submarine forests, marine organisms found in younger sediment

Question 26

What are Vails sea level curves?

Answer 26

Data collected to show patterns at many levels, high level in Cretaceous with MOR activity, linked to astronomical cycles

Question 27

What geological evidence is there for sea level changes in the Pleistocene?

Answer 27

Studies if deep sea microfossils from Atlantic cores show 30 glacial events during Pleistocene Measurement of oxygen isotope ratio, show volume of ice temporarily removing water from the system Study if uplifted coral reef terraces on tropical islands show sea level was higher

Question 28

What added the mechanisms of sea level change?

Answer 28

Eustatic, changes when volume of water in oceans change, or volume of ocean basin changes

Question 29

How does volume of water on ocean change?

Answer 29

Linked with climate change and involves locking up water on land as ice and snow resulting in sea level fall. Glacial episode results in marine regression, ice melt results in marine transgression Change in volume of surface water as it expands or contracts with temperature

Question 30

How does volume of the ocean basin change?

Answer 30

Involves altering relative levels of continents and ocean basins. MOR activity results in smaller volume as it takes up lots of space-calculations fit with Vails curve. Results in increase subduction and flooding of margins. Variation in rate of mantle convection Effects of mountain building and erosion Breaking up of continents cause isostatic sinking

Question 31

How is mass extinction correlated with sea level falling?

Answer 31

Area of shallow seas benefits marine life so high diversity. Sea label fall reduces amount of continental shelf submerged, reduced habitat, so lower biodiversity and extinctions occur. Rapid fluctuations most damaging

Question 32

How does sea level rising correlate with mass extinction?

Answer 32

Increase in area of shallow waters, triggers bloom if marine plankton, bacterial decomposition results in high biological oxygen demand, so anoxic conditions and mass extinction. Anoxic events recognised by formation of black shales rich in organic material

Question 33

Where was Britain located in the Cambrian?

Answer 33

Located 60 degrees south of the equator, drifted northwards due to plate tectonics

Question 34

What was the climate of Britain before the most recent quaternary ice age?

Answer 34

Elephants bison and lions present in deciduous forests, sun tropical climate, died out due to advance of ice sheets

Question 35

How can corals be used as evidence for paleoclimactic change?

Answer 35

Modern reefs live in narrow range of conditions, thrive 30 degrees N/S of the equator assume fossil reefs requires similar conditions. Found in Silurian and lower Carboniferous in Britain

Question 36

How can plants be used as evidence for paleoclimactic change?

Answer 36

Tree rings indicate dry seasons Tree rings indicate variation in growth, due to seasonal climate - none in tree rings if the Carboniferous Upper Carboniferous plants grew to extreme heights, in tropical climate Lead size correlated to climate temperature and humidity Pollen grains, from birch and pine indicate cooler, from oak and beech, warmer

Question 37

How can coal be used as evidence for paleoclimactic change?

Answer 37

Sufficient thickness of peat needed to create economic coal deposit, need highly productive ecosystem, tropical in Equatorial

Question 38

How can desert sandstone be used as evidence for paleoclimactic change?

Answer 38

Formed in desert, 20/30 degrees from equator

Question 39

How can evaporites be used as evidence for paleoclimactic change?

Answer 39

Form where rainfall is low and evaporation rapid in hot deserts

Question 40

How can tillites be used as evidence for paleoclimactic change?

Answer 40

Ancient Boulder clay deposits are glacial in low latitude areas or high altitude

Question 41

How can reef limestone be used as evidence for paleoclimactic change?

Answer 41

Mainly formed if colonial corals, restricted to latitudes that provide conditions

Question 42

What evidence can be seen for northward drift of British Isles?

Answer 42

``` Tillites in Precambrian Colonial corals in Silurian Desert sandstone in Devonian Reef limestone in Carboniferous Desert sandstone in Permian Desert sandstone in Triassic Colonial corals in Jurassic Chalk in Cretaceous (temperate) Palms and tropical plants in Tertiary Glacial deposits in Quaternary ```