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Changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different measures of social development? x7

A

Literacy rate

People per doctor

Access to safe water

Infant mortality rate

Life expectancy

Birth rate

Death rate

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2
Q

What is a HIC

A

A high income country where GNI per head is high

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3
Q

What is a LIC

A

A low income country where GNI per head is low like afganhistan

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4
Q

What does BRICS and MINT stand for

A

B - brazil
I - india
C - China
S - South Africa

M - Mexico
I - Indionesia
N - nigeria
T - turkey

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5
Q

What is the HDI and why is it a good way of measuring development

A

The Human Development Index is a way of measuring development while taking into account Education levels , life expectancy and income.

The combination tells us about both a countries economic status and quality of life

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6
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development

A

Wealth disparities

Health disparities

Migration disparities

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7
Q

What are the causes of uneven development

A

Economic

Historical

Physical

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8
Q

What are the economic causes of uneven development? x3

A

Poor Trade Links - Less money brought into the economy for development which may increase quality of life

Debt - Money must be paid back to countries that have given aid, sometimes with interest. Leads to less money for development

Economy based on primary products - Primary products eg. timber and cocoa are worth less than manufactured products .
Value of primary products also fluctuates and can fall below the cost of production
Wealthy countries can force down the cost of primary products

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9
Q

What are the historical causes of uneven development? x3

A

Conflict - reduces development as money spent on arms and training. Damage is done to infrastructure that must be repaired
Increase in damage to services eg, healthcare and education

Industrial revolution at different times - may lead to less manufactured products which are worth more than primary products

Colonilisation - may of prevented the colonised countries form developing their own industry.
Colonisers removed primary products and sold them as manufactured products. No profit to colonised country

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10
Q

What are the Physical causes of uneven development? x5

A

Climate - May prevent crop growth - leading to malnutrition, less productivity for growth/ sale, less tax for government

Natural hazards - money spent on rebuilding and not quality of life - government cannot spend money on development

Diseases - less population can work and bring in money for development

Natural resources - fewer products to export ➡ less money from sales ➡ less tax for government➡ government cannot spend money on development projects

Land locked countries - less ability to trade

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11
Q

How are wealth and uneven development linked?

A

Uneven wealth distribution leads to a disrupted standard of living as not everyone can afford services that increase quality of life. eg. education

The rich countries give LIC’s aid however this causes the LICS debt to them and they end up paying back more.

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12
Q

How is health a consequence of uneven development?

A

LICS’s often have poor health conditions due to lack of education and money. This leads to early infant mortality and low death rates. Lower life expectancy

Lots of diseases would be easily prevented in HIC’s like diarroeah

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13
Q

How does uneven development affect migration?

A

People migrate from LICs to HICs in search of a higher standard of living or to flee conflict.

This can boost a nations work force which pumps more money into the economy.

However, it further increases the global development gap as the LIC now has a smaller work force

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14
Q

Name 5 strategies that help reduce the global development gap.

A

INVESTMENT - foreign direct investment (FDI) into property and infrastructure.

AID - can be used to develop however corrupt governments may waste it.

FAIR TRADE

DEBT RELEIF - cancelling debt or lowering interest rates

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT - increases productivity

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15
Q

What is de-industrilisation?

A

The UK used to be a very industrialised country but due to increased automation led to job losses.

As other countries, NEEs, can now produce things for cheaper due to LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS the increased competition caused manufacturing to be closed

lead to shift towards the service and quaternary sector

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16
Q

What is globalisation? How does it affect the UK

A

The world becoming closer together due to international trade and investment.

Economic growth

Cheaper goods and servicing

Foreign Investment

Out sourcing jobs

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17
Q

How has the government responded to deindustrilisation?

A

Investment in new infrastructure
Encourage foreign investment
Local enterprise partnerships - support buisnesses

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18
Q

What is Counterurbanisation?

A

The movement of people from the city back to the countryside?

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19
Q

What is a greenbelt?

A

Green open spaces around cities on which there are strict planning controls to prevent urban sprawl.

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20
Q

What is an area of Population decline?

Why is their a decline?

A

Kielder - Built post WW2 as a place for logging. However the chainsaw was invented and people had no jobs.

Only 10 kids in primary school. Due to aging population and young people cannot afford to live there due to secondary homeowners, poor transport. Lower quality of life so young move to the city

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21
Q

Area of population growth?

Affects?

A

Kidlington - largest village in England

Rising house prices - forcing locals to leave
Cultural erosion

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22
Q

Why does the North South divide exist and what are the issues that come with it?

A

More employment opportunities in the south due to deindustrilsation.

London is financial captial
More services orientated
Less investment in education in the north

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23
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Providing services - includes retail, tourism, education, health and banking.

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24
Q

What is the primary sector

A

Exploiting of natural resources like farming and fishing

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25
What is the secondary sector
Type of industry involved in making things - manufacturing
26
What is the quaternary sector?
Section of employment that is knowledge based. eg. ICT and reasearch
27
How is the UK moving towards a post industrial era?
Development of IT Growth of service industries Growth of finance and research Development of science and buisness parks
28
What are the characteristics of Science and business parks?
Accessible - near airports/ bus routes/ train stations Near universities to attract graduates - educated workforce
29
What is the commonwealth?
A group of 53 countries with strong links to each other.
30
Who does the UK mostly do trade with?
EU countries
31
How might we reduce the NS divide?
Devolution - give more power and money to the north
32
Has quality of life improved in Nigeria
Increased life expectancy More schooling More GNI per capita All mainly due to the economic development Still N/S divide Rural vs Urban Educated vs Uneducated
33
Why is there still economic migrants from Nigeria?
60% of people living below the poverty line so many people go to work in Europe to send money back to their families in aim to then go back and live a better life with the money that they have earnt.
34
What is the difference in development of countries called?
The global development gap
35
State the two measures of economic development? What are they?
**Gross National Income** - total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year **GNI per capita** - Total GNI divided by the population
36
Why can GNI per capita be misleading?
It is an average and therefore variations don't show up - Can be misleading eg. Qatar has a high GNI per capita as they have a **small number of extremely wealthy people** and **a lot of relatively poor people**
37
How can social indicators be misleading when measuring development?
If used on its own it can seem misleading - this is because as countries develop aspects before others. **A country can therefore seem more or less developed than it actually is**
38
What is an NEE
A country that is undergoing rapid economic development - usually as they are **moving from an agricultural based economy to an industrial one**
39
What factors make up HDI (Human development index)
GNI per capita Life expectancy Education level HDI measure between 0 and 1
40
What does the DTM show?
How birth rates, death rates and population size are linked due to stages of development
41
What is natural increase and decrease?
Natural increase = When the birth rate is higher than the death rate leading to population growth Natural decrease - death rate is higher than the birth rate - population decrease
42
How does birth rate change from levels 1-5 in the DTM
Stage 1 - High and fluctuating Stage 2 - High and steady Stage 3 - Rapidly falling Stage 4 - Low and fluctuating Stage 5 - Low and steady
42
How do death rates change from stage 1-5 of the DTM
Stage 1 - High and fluctuating Stage 2 - Rapidly falling Stage 3 - Slowly falling Stage 4 - low and fluctuating Stage 5 - Low and steady
43
Describe development in stage 2 and 3 of the dtm? Population growth Economy sector Birth and death rates
Stage 2 Not very developed - **Population rapidly increasing** as high birth rates and falling death rates. Economy based on agriculture so people have lots of children. Better healthcare leads to declining death rates Stage 3 - More developed - **Population growth rate high** Birth rates fall as the use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children. Economy changes from farming to manufacturing so fewer children are required. Improved healthcare leads to decreasing death rates
44
Describe development in stage 4 and 5 of the dtm? Population growth Economy sector Birth and death rates
Stage 4 + 5 - Most developed countries Stage 4 - No population increase - High standard of living Stage 5 - population decrease due to natural decrease
45
What is the issue with the DTM?
Only takes into account population growth from birth and death rates and not migration
46
How does investment decrease the global development gap?
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) into an LIC or NEE increases access to technology and education. This leads to an increase in quality of services, industry and infrastructure.
47
How has numbers of tourists changed in Thailand?
In 2019 39.8M tourists visited Thailand instead of 9M in 2000
48
How has the UK's economy changed?
Changed from primary and secondary sectors to tertiary and quaternary
49
Where is the quaternary sector found?
In business and science parks: Outskirts of cities with good transport links Near universities so that research within the park can work with research in the uni - Also they can attract graduates from the unis
50
Why is the number of science and business parks growing?
Increasing demand for high tech products and science parks can develop this technology UK has a high number of strong research universities for the parks to form links with
51
State the 3 main causes for economic change in the UK
Deindustrialisation Globalisation Government policies
52
What is globalisation?
The process of countries becoming more economically, politically and culturally connected.
53
How have government policies lead to economic change?
Decisions on investment and support for businesses **eg. Tax breaks** Government has carried out much **deregulation** which involves removing restriction on businesses to encourage entrepreneurs to move to the UK
54
What is an example of a sustainable UK business?
**The Unicorn Group** is a manufacturer in Lisburn (NI). It made its productions more sustainable by introducing solar panels and a more energy efficient boiler. 100% renewable energy source
55
What affect can transport have on development?
Congested transport networks can limit economic development
56
How has the UK improved transport? x3
**Road** - development of the **M4 corridor** (London, Bristol, Cardiff). Is a major high technology hub **Rail** - proposed HS2 speed rail **Airport** - proposal of a third runway at Heathrow - allowing an extra 700 planes a day
57
Negative effects of industry on the environment? x3
Urban Sprawl Air + Water pollution Eye sores
58
Evidence of NS Divide
Wages lower in the North Low life expectancy in the North GCSE results lower in the north
59
State 3 ways the government can resolve NS divide
Devolution Creating Enterprise Zones Northern Powerhouse
60
What is devolution?
Is the transfer of power to a lower level For example in England some powers are being devolved to local councils. This will allow them to spend money on schemes that will benefit the local community
61
How will creating enterprise zones help resolve the NS divide?
Companies get a range of advantages for locating in enterprise zones: Reduced tax Simpler planning Financial gain **Measures can be used to encourage businesses to locate in areas of high unemployment eg. Sheffield**
62
What is the Northern Powerhouse? How will it reduce inequality between the north and south? Negatives?
Is the government's plan to **attract investment into the North** and **improve transport links** 70M investment Also investment in schools. Focuses on major cities eg. Leeds and Manchester and not smaller towns and cities
63
What is intermediate technology?
A way of reducing the development gap by increasing industrial output through the use of simple and affordable tools and machines which are cheap and easy to maintain
64
What is a post industrial economy?
Where manufacturing industry has been replaced by service and quaternary industries.
65
How does the M4 corridor contribute to the UK's economy?
London to Bristol Hi-tech industry on the M4 corridor **produces 8% of the UK's economic output** Attractive countryside Heathrow Universities
66
Benefits of a rural area of population growth? x3
Maintains the population of small towns and villages as a balance to rural-urban migration Bring new energy to rural areas - more likely to start up businesses which lead to economic growth It helps maintain the need for services eg. schools in rural areas which may otherwise shut
67
Negatives of a rural area experiencing population growth? x3
Many people retire to the country side and this increases the average age Cultural erosion Newcomers are often wealthy or second home owners and this pushes up the average house price
68
4 ways the UK has strong links to other countries?
**Trade** - EU, USA, Asia - positive relationships (social) **Culture** - Strong creative industries are exported worldwide - Shaun the Sheep show in over 170 different countries. **Transport** - Heathrow, International airport and transport hub. Channel tunnel links England to rest of Europe which improves links. **Electronic Communication** - Trans Atlantic cables linking Europe with Asia are routed via the UK.

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