Changing Family Patterns Flashcards

Question

Divorce Women’s increased financial dependence Graham Allen and Crow On marriage being economically embedded

Answer 1

They argue that marriage is less embedded within the economic system, and there are fewer family firms, and the family is no longer a unit of production, so spouses are not dependent on eachother economically

Answer 2

Women, having their own separate source of income, and not having to rely on their husband, means that women do not have to tolerate conflict or the absence of love, and more willing to seek divorce if in such circumstances

Answer 3

Feminist argue that married women today bear the dual burden, this has created a new source of conflict between husbands and wives, and leads to a high divorce rate.

Answer 4

While there have been improvements in women’s position in the public sphere of employment, the change in the private sphere of family has been limited as marriages remain patriarchal with men benefitting from their wives triple shift.

Answer 5

For many women, the home compares favorably with work. Men’s continuing resistance to doing housework is a source of frustration making marriages less stable. The fact that both partners now work leaves less time in energy for the emotion work needed to address the problems that arise.

Answer 6

Mothers who have a dual burden are more likely to divorce then nonworking, mothers in marriages with a traditional division of labour. But where husbands of a working wife is involved in housework, the divorce rate lowers.

Answer 7

They found no evidence that working women are more likely divorce, and they argue that this is because working has now become the accepted norm for married woman.

Answer 8

Observes that many women feel a growing dissatisfaction with patriarchal marriages and sees the rising divorce rate, and the fact that more petitions come from women is evidence of their grow acceptance of feminist ideas.

Answer 9

In modern society, traditional norms, such as the duty to remain with the same partner for life, loses their hold over individuals. as a result, each individual becomes free to pursue his or her own interests, this is known as the individualisation thesis.

Answer 10

Relationships become more fragile because individuals become unwilling to remain with a partner. If the marriage fails to deliver personal fulfilment, instead they seek what Giddens calls the “pure relationship”

Answer 11

One that exists solely to satisfy each partners needs and not out of the sense of duty tradition, or the sake of the children, this results in higher divorce rates.

Answer 12

What is society encourages individualism. For example, women are now expected to work, and are encouraged to pursue their own individual career ambitions. this causes conflict of interest between spouses.

Answer 13

They see a high divorce rate as undesirable because it undermines marriage and the traditional nuclear family that is vital for social stability. Divorce rate create a growing underclass of welfare, dependent female loan, parents who are a burden on the state.

Answer 14

Feminist high divorce rate as desirable because it shows that women are breaking free from the oppression of the patriarchal nuclear family

Answer 15

They see a high divorce rate of showing that individuals now have the freedom to choose to end a relationship when it no longer meets their needs. They see it as a major cause of greater family diversity.

Answer 16

Functionalist argue that high divorce rate is not necessarily a threat to marriage as a social institution. It is simply the result of peoples high expectations of marriage. Today the high rate of marriage shows peoples continuing commitment to the idea of marriage.

Answer 17

They aim to understand what divorce means to the individual. Morgan argues that we cannot generalise about the meaning of divorce because every individuals interpretation of it is different.

Answer 18

divorce can cause problems such as financial difficulties and a lack of daily contract between children and non-resident parents. Carol Smart argues that divorces become normalised, and that family life could adapt to it without disintegrating.

Answer 19

Fewer people are marrying however, there are more remarriages in 2012 1/3 of all marriages were remarriages. People are marrying later and couples are less likely to marry in church. In 2013 only 30% of weddings were conducted with a religious of ceremonies.

Answer 20

There is less pressure to marry and more freedom for individuals to choose the type of relationship they want. There is a widespread belief that the quality of couples relationship is more important than its legal status.

Answer 21

The churches are in favour of marriage, but as their influence declines, people feel freer to choose not to marry. According to the 2001 census, only 3% of young people with no religion were married, against 17% of those with a religion.

Answer 22

cohabitation, remaining single, and having children outside marriage are all regarded as acceptable, and pregnancy no longer automatically led to a “shotgun wedding”. In 1989 70% believed that couples who want children should get married, but this dropped to 42% by 2012.

Answer 23

Women now have better educational and career prospects, and are now less economically dependent on men which gives them greater freedom not to marry. marriage is an oppressive patriarchal institution which dissuades women from marrying ~ feminist view

Answer 24

With the rising divorce rate, some may put off marrying because they see the increase likelihood of marriage ending in divorce

Answer 25

The main reason for the increase in remarriages is the rise in number of divorces the two have grown together, so that the rising number of divorces provides a supply of people available to remarry.

Answer 26

The age of which couples marry is rising because young people are postponing marriage in order to spend longer in full-time education, and to establish themselves in a career.

Answer 27

Couples nowadays are less likely to marry in church, due to secularisation, and many churches refuse to marry divorcees or divorcees have less desire to marry in church

Answer 28

Cohabiting, couples with children are a fast growing family type and there are 2.9 million cohabiting heterosexual couples in Britain. There’s an estimated 69,000 same-sex cohabiting couples.

Answer 29

Decline in stigma attached to sex, outside marriage. The young are more likely to accept cohabitation increased career opportunities for women mean they have less need for financial security. Secularisation mean that young couples with no religion, and more likely to cohabit.

Answer 30

Although cohabitation is increasing as marriage decreases, the relationship is not clear cut. For some couples cohabitation is the next step on the way to getting married, where others see it as a permanent alternative to marriage

Answer 31

Robert argues that for most people cohabitation is part of the process of getting married. coast found the 75% of cohabiting couples say that they expect to marry each other.

Answer 32

Many feel cohabitation as a trial marriage and intend to marry if it goes well. most cohabiting couples decide to marry if they have children. For some, it is a temporary phase before marriage, because one of both partners are waiting a divorce.

Answer 33

Some people see prohibition as a permanent alternative. Andre argues that cohabitation among some people represents a conscious attempt to create a more personally negotiated and equal relationship

Answer 34

They found that women who cohabit do less housework than their married counterparts, showing that cohabitation does not mean the same thing to every couple, and the term covers a diverse range of partnerships.

Answer 35

campaigns for LGBT rights estimates that about 5 to 7% of the adult population today have the same sex relationships. It is impossible to judge if this represents an increase because in the past stigma and illegality meant that relationships were hidden.

Answer 36

There has been evidence through the male homosexual act in 1967, and recently the age of consents been equalised with a heterosexuals. 2004, the civil partnership act gave same-sex couples similar legal rights to married couples in respect of pensions and inheritance.

Answer 37

Argues that increased social acceptance, explains a trend towards same-sex Cohabitation and stable relationships thats resembles those found among heterosexuals.

Answer 38

Weeks sees gays are creating families based on the idea of friendship and kinship with friendships become a type of kinship network. Sees these as chosen families and argues that they offer the same security and stability as heterosexual families.

Answer 39

She describes, same sex cohabitation as “quasi marriage”, notes that many gay couples are now deciding to cohabit as stable partners, which contrast with the gay lifestyle of the 70s, which rejected monogamy and family life.

Answer 40

A category that disassociates itself from the legal concepts of marriage, but has the same effect as marriage.

Answer 41

They argue that’s because of the absence of framework like marriage until recently, same sex partners have had to negotiate their commitment and responsibilities more than married couples, making their relationship more flexible, less stable

Answer 42

While many gay and lesbians welcome the opportunity to have their partnerships legally recognised. others fear that it may limit the flexibility and negotiability of their relationship.

Answer 43

There has been a big rise in 2013 almost 3/10 households contained only one person. 40% of oh, one person household are over 65 and by 2033 30% of adults will be single.

Answer 44

The increase in separation and divorce has created more one person households, especially among men under 65. Following a divorce, children are more likely to live with their mother, and their father is more likely to leave the family.

Answer 45

The decline in the numbers marrying and trends towards Marrying later mean more people are remaining single. The proportion of adults who are single have risen by half since 1971. There’s a growing number for opting for “creative single-hood”

Answer 46

Deliberate choice to live alone. This occurs as people can’t find the suitable partner or are not happy to settle. some live alone, because there are not enough partners available in their age group e.g widows.

Answer 47

British social attitude survey, they found that 1/10 adults are living apart together, they’re in a relationship, but not married or cohabiting.This is a half of all people classified as single. Suggests that this may reflect a trend towards less formalised relationships

Answer 48

They found that some couples don’t live together as they cannot afford to.

Answer 49

Attitude, a favourable, and a majority believe that a couple do not need to live together to have a strong relationship. 20% see it as their ideal relationship.

Answer 50

Process of giving birth to children

Answer 51

Nearly 47% of all children are now born outside marriage over twice as many in 1986 however, nearly all births are jointly registered by both parents.

Answer 52

Women are having children later, their average age of birth of their first child raised to 28.1 years. Women are having few children and in 20 century and the average number of children per woman felt to 1.6.

Answer 53

More women are remaining childless, and it is predicted that a quarter of those born in 1973, will be childless when they reach the age of 45.

Answer 54

Reasons for the increase in births outside, marriage, included, declining, stigma, and increase in cohabitation. Only 28% of 25 to 34-year-olds now think marriage should come before parenthood

Answer 55

Later Age of woman having children mean there are smaller family sizes A more woman are remaining childless, which reflects the fact that women now have more options than just motherhood.

Answer 56

Lone parent families now make up 22% of all families and over 90% of these are headed by a lone mother. until the 90s, children from loan parent families are twice likely to be in poverty.

Answer 57

Number of loan parent families has risen due to the increase in divorce and separation, linked to the decline and stigma against single woman.

Answer 58

Due to the increase in number of never married women having children led to a rise in lone parent families, this is linked to the decline in stigma attached to birth marriage.

Answer 59

Widespread belief that women play the expressive role. divorce courts usually give custody of children to mothers and because the men are less willing than women to give up work to care for children.

Answer 60

Many loan parent families are female headed because of mothers are single by choice and they wish to not cohabit or marry, or they may wish to limit the father’s involvement with the child.

Answer 61

She found that professional woman were more able to support their child without the fathers involvement over poorer mothers.

Answer 62

some W/C mothers with less earning power chose to live on welfare benefits without a partner because they had experienced abuse. Feminist ideas, greater opportunities have encouraged an increase in the number of unmarried loan mothers.

Answer 63

He sees the growth as resulting from an over generous welfare state, providing benefits for unmarried, mothers. creating a preserve incentive which rewards in irresponsible behaviour such as having children without providing for them. Suggests abolishing welfare benefits

Answer 64

They argue that welfare benefits are far from generous and loan. Parent families are more likely to be in poverty.

Answer 65

Lack of affordable childcare prevents loan parents from working 60% of them are unemployed. In adequate welfare benefits. Most are women who generally earn less than men, as well as the failure of fathers to pay child maintenance.

Answer 66

Step families account for over 10% of all families. In 85% of stepfamilies least one child is from the women’s previous relationship. While in 11%. There is at least one child from the man’s previous relationship. Only 4% is there children from both partners.

Answer 67

Found that stepfamilies are very similar to first families in all major respects, and that the involvement of step parents in childcare and child rearing is a positive one, but they found that step families are at a greater risk of poverty.

Answer 68

Step families may face particular problems of divided loyalties and issues such as contract with the non-resident parent (other biological parent of the child) can cause tensions.

Answer 69

Concludes that there is a diversity among these families, and we should speak of “step families” plural rather than the “step family”. Some have a few tensions, while others that do, the tensions are not so different from those in intact families.

Answer 70

Step families are formed when loan parents forms new partnerships. The factor causing an increase in the number of loan parents such as divorce and separation are also responsible for the creation of step families.

Answer 71

More children and step families are from the women’s previous relationship then the man’s because when marriages inhibitions break up, children are more likely to remain with their mother.

Answer 72

Step families are at a greater risk of poverty because they are often more children and because of stepfather may also have to support children from a previous relationship.

Answer 73

Step families are at greater risk poverty because there are often more children and because of stepfather metals have to support children from a previous relationship

Answer 74

Some tensions faced by step families. Maybe the result of a lack of clear social norms about how individual should behave in such families.

Answer 75

Black Caribbean and African people have a higher proportion of loan parent households. in 2012 over half of families with dependent children headed by black person were loan parent families. Compares to only 1/9 Asian households as loan parent.

Answer 76

The high rate of female-headed loan parent black families have sometimes been seen as evidence of family disorganisation that has been traced back to slavery or high rate of unemployment among black males.

Answer 77

Under slavery couples were sold separately, children stayed with their mother. this established patterns of family that persists today and argues that male unemployment and poverty meant that black men are less able to provide for the family resulting in higher rates of desertion

Answer 78

Argues that the higher rate of loan, parent families among blacks is not the result of disorganisation, but reflects the high valley that black women in place on independence.

Answer 79

She argues that the statistics are misleading in that many apparently “loan” parents are in fact, in stable, supportive and non-cohabiting relationships.

Answer 80

Pakistani and Indian households tend to be larger than those of other ethnic groups. Such households contain 3 generations and they’re partly a result of the younger age profile of British Asians, since a high proportion are in the childbearing age groups.

Answer 81

Larger Asian households also reflect the value placed on extended family in Asian cultures. However, practical considerations such as the need for assistance when migrating to Britain are also important.

Answer 82

Found the extended family ties, provided an important source of support among Asian migrants during the 50s and 60s. in this period of migration houses were often shared by extended families. frequent visiting and kinship networks used as a source of support.

Answer 83

In the study of Swansea, Charles found the classic three generation family will live together under one roof is now extinct, and the only exceptions were among the cities Bangladesh community

Answer 84

that extended families continue to exist as a “dispersed extended family” where relatives are geographically, separated, but maintain frequent contact through visits and phone calls

Answer 85

She found in Britain that, despite being geographically disbursed, they continue to provide support and describes them as multiple nuclear families with close frequent contact. The extended family survives as it performs important functions for its members.

Answer 86

Among the middle-class, there are more financial help from father to son. In working class families, there is more frequent contact and there’s more domestic help from mothers to daughters.

Answer 87

Bell suggests the importance of the beanpole family, a type of extended family, Julia Brennan describes as long and thin. Its extended vertically by three generations or more, but not extended horizontally through the involvement of aunties and uncles.

Answer 88

Increased life expectancy means more surviving grandparents and great grandparents. Small family sizes mean people have fewer siblings and fewer horizontal ties.

Answer 89

They found that over 90% of people had given or received financial help and about half had cared for a sick relative. However, they found that is expected more from females than males.

Answer 90

Argues that help should be given by the spouse, and then daughter, and then daughter-in-law, finally by the Son. When care for an elderly woman is needed, the daughter or daughter-in-law, is preferred if the husband isn’t available.

Answer 91

while daughters are more likely than sons to take responsibility for the care of elderly relatives, not all the daughters in the family play equal part.

Answer 92

Whether women feel responsibility of the care of elderly relatives depends on the history of the relationship and the obligations they feel towards their relatives, also responsibilities they have that would prevent them from getting involved.

Answer 93

They provide practical and emotional support when called upon. However, it’s very different from Parsons classic extended family whose members lived and work together. However, some sense of obligation remains, especially in times of crisis.

Answer 94

They provide practical and emotional support when called upon, but it’s different from Parsons. Classic extended family who’s members lived and work together, but there is a sense of obligation, especially at times in crisis.