Changing Places Flashcards
1
Q
define ‘accessibility’
A
how easy it is to travel to a place or interact with an individual
2
Q
define ‘attachment’
A
a sense of binding to a particular location due to positive and intense experiences
3
Q
define ‘built environment’
A
the buildings and infrastructure within an urban area
4
Q
define ‘capital’
A
productive assets, goods or financial stakes
5
Q
define ‘commuter’
A
an individual who regularly travels a distance between their residence and their employment
6
Q
define ‘cultural enrichment’
A
the addition of ideas, traditions and beliefs due to the arrival of new people
7
Q
define ‘culture’
A
the way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time, generally customs and beliefs
8
Q
define ‘demographic’
A
the characteristics of a population
9
Q
define ‘deprivation’
A
individuals lack basic services or objects they would expect to have in the 21st century
10
Q
define ‘diversity’
A
variation within a population, in their characteristics, background and behaviour
11
Q
define ‘endogenous factor’
A
factors based on local characteristics or perspective originating from inside the place
12
Q
define ‘ethnicity’
A
the cultural background of a group of people, often based on religion or country of origin
13
Q
define ‘ethnic clustering’
A
residential areas with similar cultures, ethnicity or religions. this may be to avoid isolation or to live locally to special services and facilities (places of worship, local shops etc)
14
Q
define ‘exogenous factor’
A
factors based on characteristics or perspective originating from outside the place, commonly referred to as flows
15
Q
define ‘experienced places’
A
locations a person has visited in their lifetime
16
Q
define ‘far places’
A
places that feel distant, physically or emotionally
17
Q
define ‘genius loci’
A
the ‘spirit’ of a place, based on its history, culture and daily atmosphere
18
Q
define ‘gentrification’
A
renovation of older/ deteriorating buildings or areas with the aim of attracting high-income individuals or elite businesses to a place
19
Q
define ‘governance’
A
the management of a place or group of people
20
Q
define ‘idyll’
A
a location with ideal living conditions and good qualities
often based on a perception
21
Q
define ‘inequality’
A
differences in income, well-being and wealth between individuals, communities and society
22
Q
define ‘insiders’
A
people who feel like they are ‘part of’ a place; they feel included within the place and have a strong connection to it
23
Q
define ‘internal migration’
A
the movement of people within a country
24
Q
define ‘international migration’
A
the movement of people from one country to another
25
define ‘life expectancy’
the average number of years an individual is likely to live, determined at birth
26
define ‘lived experience’
the contribution of experiences and opportunities to an individual’s views and values
27
define ‘locales’
locations of different daily activities, e.g. school, theatre, shops, etc
28
define ‘media’
the publishing of information and production of entertainment (e.g. BBC, local newspapers, radio stations)
29
define ‘media places’
places an individual hasn’t visited but has a reputation based from media representation
30
define ‘multicultural’
the existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single geographic area
31
define ‘near places’
places that feel close, physically or emotionally
32
define ‘outsiders’
people who feel like they are not ‘part of’ a place; they feel isolated and may not have a strong connection to the place
33
define ‘perception’
a person’s view of a place or issue based on feelings, experience and outside forces such as the media
34
define ‘placelessness’
places that lack unique character or reputation, due to chain stores replacing local independent shops or a lack of attachment experienced by people visiting the location
35
define ‘population density’
the number of people per square kilometre
36
define ‘rebranding’
creating a new look or reputation for an area
37
define ‘segregation’
the separation of a group from other groups this can be through force or voluntarily
segregation can often occur due to housing strategies or regeneration projects
38
define ‘social clustering’
groups of people with similar background frequently living together
39
define ‘social exclusion’
the inability of a group of people to become involved in the cultural activities of a place
40
define ‘the other’
people of different background or identity to an individual
41
define ‘urbanisation’
an increase in the proportion of a population living within urban areas
42
What are the two main types of place characteristics?
Physical characteristics (e.g., landscape, climate) and human characteristics (e.g., culture, built environment).
43
How do people’s perceptions of places change?
Perceptions change over time due to factors such as media influence, personal experiences, or changing economic conditions.
44
What is placemaking?
Placemaking is the process of designing and shaping public spaces to improve their social, cultural, and economic value.
45
Where is Brick Lane located?
Brick Lane is located in the East End of London, in the Borough of Tower Hamlets.
46
What is the historical significance of Brick Lane?
Historically, Brick Lane was a center for the textile and garment industry, and it later became known for its large Bengali community and curry houses.
47
What is the cultural significance of Brick Lane today?
Today, Brick Lane is known for its multicultural character, vibrant street art, trendy cafes, and as a hub for food, especially curry, with a strong South Asian influence.
48
How has the population of Brick Lane changed over time?
The population has shifted significantly over time, particularly with waves of migration from Bangladesh, leading to the area's current cultural diversity.
49
What is the role of gentrification in Brick Lane?
Gentrification has led to rising property prices and the displacement of lower-income residents, while attracting new businesses and higher-income residents, changing the area's character.
50
How does Brick Lane reflect the processes of "globalisation"?
Globalisation is evident in Brick Lane through its global food culture, tourism, and the international influence on fashion, art, and the economy.
51
What are the impacts of tourism on Brick Lane?
Tourism brings economic benefits but also contributes to overcrowding, rising rents, and the displacement of local communities.
52
What role do local businesses play in Brick Lane?
Local businesses, especially restaurants, cafes, and markets, are central to Brick Lane’s economy, contributing to its diverse character.
53
Where is Ironbridge located?
Ironbridge is located in Shropshire, England, and is part of the UNESCO Ironbridge Gorge World Heritage Site.
54
What is the historical significance of Ironbridge?
Ironbridge is known as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, particularly for the construction of the first iron bridge in the world in 1779.
55
How has the economy of Ironbridge changed over time?
The economy transitioned from being based on iron and coal industries during the Industrial Revolution to a more tourism-based economy in recent years.
56
What is the role of the Ironbridge Gorge Museums?
The Ironbridge Gorge Museums play a crucial role in preserving the area's industrial heritage, attracting tourists, and educating the public about the Industrial Revolution.
57
How does Ironbridge's local community relate to its heritage?
The local community has strong historical ties to the industrial past, with many people working in industries such as iron production, coal mining, and pottery.
58
What environmental changes have occurred in Ironbridge?
Industrial activities have left lasting environmental impacts, but efforts are now being made to preserve the natural beauty of the area, such as through green spaces and tourism management.
59
How has tourism impacted Ironbridge?
Tourism has brought economic benefits but also challenges such as seasonal pressure on local infrastructure and concerns about preserving the site’s historical integrity.
60
How has globalisation influenced Ironbridge?
Globalisation has influenced Ironbridge through the growth of international tourism, trade, and the spread of industrial heritage to other parts of the world.
61
How does the cultural identity of Brick Lane differ from that of Ironbridge?
Brick Lane has a strong multicultural identity, shaped by migration, whereas Ironbridge has a more industrial heritage tied to its past as a center of the Industrial Revolution.
62
How has the physical landscape of Brick Lane changed over time?
The physical landscape of Brick Lane has changed with urban development, gentrification, and the construction of modern buildings and infrastructure.
63
How has the physical landscape of Ironbridge changed over time?
The landscape of Ironbridge has changed with the decline of heavy industry, with a shift towards conservation efforts to preserve historical buildings and natural features.
64
What are the social impacts of gentrification on Brick Lane?
Gentrification has led to the displacement of lower-income communities, changes in the area’s character, and rising costs for local businesses and housing.
65
How have global economic changes affected Brick Lane?
Global economic shifts have brought tourism, international business, and an influx of capital to Brick Lane, while also creating inequalities and social divides.
66
How have global economic changes affected Ironbridge?
The global economy has influenced Ironbridge's transition from an industrial economy to a service and tourism-based economy, with a focus on heritage and preservation.
67
Who are the key stakeholders in the development of Brick Lane?
Key stakeholders include local residents, businesses, government agencies, developers, and tourists.
68
What role do local residents play in the changing identity of Brick Lane?
Local residents help preserve the cultural heritage of Brick Lane while also adapting to new economic and social changes brought by gentrification.
69
Who are the key stakeholders in Ironbridge's development?
Key stakeholders include the local community, tourism authorities, heritage organizations, local businesses, and government bodies.
70
How do the Ironbridge Gorge Museums contribute to place identity?
The Ironbridge Gorge Museums help maintain the historical significance of the area, attract tourism, and preserve its industrial heritage.
71
What is the impact of immigration on Brick Lane?
Immigration, particularly from Bangladesh, has shaped Brick Lane's cultural identity, influencing its restaurants, shops, and festivals, making it a hub for South Asian culture.
72
How do global tourism trends affect Brick Lane?
Global tourism drives foot traffic to Brick Lane, especially for its markets, street art, and food scene, boosting local businesses and cultural exchange.
73
What are exogenous factors?
Exogenous factors are external influences or forces that come from outside a system or location, affecting its development or character.
74
How does globalization affect Brick Lane?
Globalization increases international connections, bringing diverse cultures, businesses, and tourists to Brick Lane, influencing its identity and economy.
75
What impact does tourism have on Brick Lane?
Tourism boosts the local economy through spending on food, shopping, and attractions but can also lead to overcrowding and gentrification.
76
How does investment affect Brick Lane?
Investment in infrastructure, real estate, and businesses can lead to gentrification, changing the socio-economic landscape and character of the area.
77
What role does urban policy play in Brick Lane?
Local government policies on zoning, conservation, and development can shape the area's appearance and economic function, balancing preservation with growth.
78
How does the property market influence Brick Lane?
Rising property prices can drive out long-standing local businesses and residents, leading to gentrification and altering the area’s character.
79
How does the economy of London affect Brick Lane?
The broader economy of London, including employment trends, wages, and consumer behavior, impacts business activity and the affordability of living in Brick Lane.
80
What role do international trade routes play in Brick Lane?
Brick Lane’s location in East London makes it accessible for global trade, influencing its market, especially with goods from South Asia and other regions.
81
How does the media affect the perception of Brick Lane?
Media portrayals influence public perception of Brick Lane, making it a trendy area to visit, impacting tourism, business, and local culture.
82
How does the UK government's immigration policy impact Brick Lane?
Changes in immigration policy influence the demographic makeup of Brick Lane, particularly the Bangladeshi community and the types of businesses in the area.
83
What impact do multinational companies have on Brick Lane?
Large multinational companies can alter the economic landscape, increasing competition for local businesses and potentially changing the retail mix.
84
How do transportation developments affect Brick Lane?
Improved transportation links, such as the nearby Shoreditch Overground station, make Brick Lane more accessible, bringing in more visitors and residents.
85
How does Brexit influence Brick Lane?
Brexit impacts trade, labor markets, and immigration, which can affect the availability of workers, tourism, and the flow of goods in Brick Lane’s businesses.
86
How do environmental factors affect Brick Lane?
Environmental factors, such as pollution or urban heat islands, can influence the area's livability, tourism, and public health.
87
How does tourism impact Ironbridge?
Tourism brings economic benefits to Ironbridge through attractions like the Iron Bridge and museums but also leads to challenges such as overcrowding and pressure on local resources.
88
How does globalization affect Ironbridge?
Globalization introduces international visitors and influences the local economy, leading to the development of globalized businesses and services in the area.
89
How does international heritage recognition affect Ironbridge?
Being a UNESCO World Heritage Site boosts Ironbridge's international profile, attracting visitors and investment while raising awareness about conservation efforts.
90
How do national policies on heritage preservation affect Ironbridge?
National heritage policies help preserve Ironbridge’s historical sites and landmarks but may also restrict development, limiting growth opportunities in the area.
91
How does the UK’s economic situation affect Ironbridge?
Economic conditions like recessions or booms impact local spending, tourism, and funding for heritage conservation and infrastructure projects in Ironbridge.
92
How does the local property market influence Ironbridge?
Rising property prices can lead to gentrification, with the potential for local residents being priced out, changing the demographic makeup of the area.
93
How do transport links affect Ironbridge?
The development of transport infrastructure, such as better road connections or public transport, can increase accessibility to Ironbridge, boosting tourism and local business.
94
How does the agricultural industry affect Ironbridge?
The agricultural industry in the surrounding Shropshire area influences local food production, tourism (via farm-to-table experiences), and the rural economy.
95
How does the media impact Ironbridge’s reputation?
Media portrayals, including travel magazines and documentaries, help shape Ironbridge’s image as a heritage destination, impacting visitor numbers and local businesses.
96
How does the UK's tourism policy influence Ironbridge?
National policies encouraging domestic tourism and supporting heritage sites can provide funding and promotional opportunities to increase Ironbridge’s visitor numbers.
97
How does climate change affect Ironbridge?
Climate change can impact Ironbridge through increased flooding risks due to its location by the River Severn, and it may affect the preservation of historical structures.
98
How does government funding influence Ironbridge?
Government grants for historical conservation and tourism development help preserve Ironbridge’s cultural heritage and boost its economy, especially through heritage-led regeneration.
99
How does the global steel industry impact Ironbridge?
As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, Ironbridge’s historical connection to the steel industry continues to influence its cultural and tourism appeal, despite the decline of steel production.
100
How do international events affect Ironbridge?
Global events, such as international festivals, exhibitions, or commemorations, can boost Ironbridge’s visibility, drawing international visitors and enhancing its cultural significance.
101
How does the local community affect Brick Lane?
The vibrant local community, especially the Bangladeshi population, influences the culture, cuisine, festivals, and businesses, contributing to Brick Lane's unique identity.
102
How does the local economy impact Brick Lane?
Brick Lane's economy is shaped by small businesses, restaurants, and markets, providing employment and fostering a creative, entrepreneurial environment, though it faces challenges from rising costs.
103
How does the architecture of Brick Lane affect its character?
The unique architecture, including Victorian buildings and the iconic Brick Lane market, contributes to the area's historical charm and appeals to tourists and residents alike.
104
How does local culture influence Brick Lane?
The local culture, influenced by the area's diverse communities, is reflected in its street art, festivals, music, and food, creating a dynamic and welcoming atmosphere.
105
How do the businesses on Brick Lane affect its development?
The mix of independent shops, restaurants, cafes, and markets contributes to Brick Lane's character and economy, with many businesses focusing on niche markets, including vintage goods and South Asian cuisine.
106
How does the art scene impact Brick Lane?
The strong presence of street art, galleries, and creative studios enhances Brick Lane's reputation as an artistic hub, drawing visitors and fostering a creative economy.
107
How does local history affect Brick Lane’s identity?
The historical significance of Brick Lane, from its industrial past to its role in the migration of the Bangladeshi community, contributes to the area's cultural richness and sense of heritage.
108
How does the street market on Brick Lane impact the area?
The Brick Lane market, offering everything from vintage clothing to food, plays a key role in the area's economy and cultural atmosphere, attracting locals and tourists alike.
109
How do the physical spaces and layout of Brick Lane affect its usage?
The narrow streets and clusters of shops along Brick Lane create a pedestrian-friendly environment, encouraging foot traffic and community interaction, while fostering a mix of residential, retail, and cultural spaces.
110
How does local government policy affect Brick Lane?
Local policies on zoning, conservation, and development shape Brick Lane's physical and economic landscape, balancing preservation of its heritage with the need for urban renewal.
111
How do social networks in Brick Lane impact its businesses?
Strong local networks among businesses and residents foster collaboration, community events, and shared resources, contributing to the vibrancy and resilience of Brick Lane.
112
How does the transportation system within Brick Lane affect its function?
The local transportation system, including nearby stations and bike lanes, facilitates easy access to and from Brick Lane, supporting foot traffic, tourism, and local commerce.
113
How does Brick Lane’s multicultural identity affect its development?
The diverse cultural influences on Brick Lane, especially from the Bangladeshi community, shape the local businesses, festivals, and culinary scene, making it a hub of cultural exchange and diversity.
114
How does gentrification affect Brick Lane?
Gentrification is transforming Brick Lane, with rising property prices and new upscale businesses changing the social fabric of the area, sometimes displacing long-standing residents and businesses.
115
How does Ironbridge's historical significance affect its identity?
Ironbridge's history as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution gives the area a strong cultural identity, attracting visitors and fostering pride among locals.
116
How does the Iron Bridge itself influence the area?
The iconic Iron Bridge is a major landmark, drawing tourists and symbolizing the area's historical importance, which impacts local tourism and business development.
117
How does the local community affect Ironbridge?
The local community's deep connection to Ironbridge’s heritage fosters a sense of pride and plays a key role in preserving the area’s cultural and historical significance.
118
How do local businesses impact Ironbridge?
The presence of small independent shops, cafes, and museums creates a unique, local economy, driving tourism and providing services that cater to both residents and visitors.
119
How does the tourism industry impact Ironbridge?
Tourism, driven by Ironbridge's status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, plays a major role in the local economy, supporting museums, restaurants, and accommodation providers.
120
How does Ironbridge’s natural environment affect its development?
The scenic River Severn and surrounding countryside influence the area's aesthetic appeal and contribute to its popularity as a tourist destination, enhancing its local economy.
121
How does the physical layout of Ironbridge affect its development?
Ironbridge's compact layout, with its narrow streets and small shops, contributes to a historic atmosphere but also presents challenges for development and infrastructure improvements.
122
How does the local economy impact Ironbridge?
Ironbridge’s economy is largely driven by tourism, heritage conservation, and local crafts, with industries related to history and heritage fostering job creation and local growth.
123
How does the local heritage infrastructure affect Ironbridge?
The network of heritage museums, historic buildings, and the Iron Bridge itself influences the local economy by attracting tourists and guiding preservation efforts in the area.
124
How does community involvement influence Ironbridge?
Active community groups and heritage organizations are crucial in preserving Ironbridge’s unique identity and promoting local events and festivals, strengthening the area's social fabric.
125
How does the educational system impact Ironbridge?
Local schools and educational initiatives tied to Ironbridge’s industrial history contribute to the area's cultural development and encourage the next generation to engage with the heritage of the site.
126
How does local government policy affect Ironbridge?
Local government policies on conservation, tourism management, and development shape the sustainability and growth of Ironbridge, balancing heritage preservation with economic needs.
127
How does the arts and cultural scene influence Ironbridge?
Ironbridge's cultural activities, including art exhibitions, festivals, and crafts, help maintain its reputation as a center for creative industries, contributing to tourism and local pride.
128
How does gentrification impact Ironbridge?
Gentrification in Ironbridge has led to the transformation of certain areas, with higher property prices and new businesses, though it also risks altering the town's historic and community-oriented character.
129
What are physical characteristics?
Physical characteristics are the natural and built environmental features of a place, such as its geography, architecture, climate, and infrastructure, that influence its development and use.
130
How does the architecture of Brick Lane influence its character?
Brick Lane's architecture, with its mix of Victorian buildings, warehouses, and converted spaces, creates a distinctive atmosphere, attracting both locals and tourists who appreciate its historical charm.
131
How does the narrow street layout of Brick Lane impact its use?
The narrow, winding streets of Brick Lane create a pedestrian-friendly environment that encourages foot traffic, enhancing the area's cultural and retail experiences while limiting vehicle access.
132
How does the proximity of Brick Lane to the River Thames affect it?
Brick Lane's location near the River Thames historically facilitated trade and transportation, contributing to its development as a commercial and industrial hub, influencing its current economy and accessibility.
133
How does the local climate affect Brick Lane?
London’s temperate maritime climate, with mild winters and cool summers, influences outdoor activities, the types of events held in Brick Lane, and the types of plants and greenery that thrive in the area.
134
How does the surrounding area of Shoreditch affect Brick Lane?
The vibrant neighborhood of Shoreditch, known for its creative industries and nightlife, influences Brick Lane by attracting a similar crowd, fostering a bohemian and entrepreneurial atmosphere.
135
How do the physical boundaries of Brick Lane impact its development?
Brick Lane is bounded by major streets and markets, which act as barriers, limiting expansion but also preserving the area's distinctive cultural and historical character.
136
How does the presence of the Old Truman Brewery affect Brick Lane?
The Old Truman Brewery, a large complex of buildings, is a key landmark in Brick Lane, serving as a venue for events, galleries, and markets that attract visitors and enhance the area's cultural vibrancy.
137
How do the buildings’ condition affect Brick Lane?
Many of Brick Lane's buildings are old and in various states of preservation. The need for maintenance and restoration influences both the aesthetic and functional use of space in the area.
138
How does the mix of residential and commercial spaces affect Brick Lane?
The integration of residential, retail, and cultural spaces creates a dynamic and multi-functional environment, but it can also lead to tensions, especially with issues like gentrification and affordability.
139
How does the density of buildings in Brick Lane impact it?
The relatively high density of buildings in Brick Lane encourages vibrant, mixed-use development, supporting a busy commercial environment while contributing to overcrowding and limited open spaces.
140
How do the local parks and green spaces affect Brick Lane?
Nearby parks and green spaces, like Shoreditch Park, provide residents and visitors with areas for relaxation and outdoor events, improving the overall livability of the area.
141
How does the street art on Brick Lane impact its identity?
The vibrant street art culture on Brick Lane, particularly the famous murals and graffiti, contributes to the area's creative reputation, making it an attractive destination for art lovers and tourists.
142
How does the accessibility of Brick Lane affect its development?
Brick Lane is well-connected by public transport, including the nearby Shoreditch High Street station, making it easily accessible to both locals and tourists, which drives foot traffic and economic activity.
143
How does the street market on Brick Lane influence its physical environment?
The outdoor street market on Brick Lane, offering food, antiques, and vintage clothing, creates a lively, bustling atmosphere, altering the physical use of public spaces and contributing to the area's vibrancy.
144
How does the Iron Bridge itself influence Ironbridge?
The Iron Bridge is the area’s most iconic landmark, attracting tourists and symbolizing the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, which shapes Ironbridge's cultural and economic identity.
145
How does Ironbridge’s location by the River Severn affect it?
The River Severn has historically played a key role in Ironbridge's development, facilitating transportation and trade, and now provides scenic views that enhance its appeal as a tourist destination.
146
How does the topography of Ironbridge influence its development?
Ironbridge is located in a valley, which gives it a unique and picturesque setting but also presents challenges in terms of accessibility and expansion due to the hilly landscape.
147
How does the surrounding natural environment affect Ironbridge?
The surrounding natural environment, including the Shropshire Hills, adds to the area's aesthetic and environmental value, attracting visitors and supporting local outdoor activities.
148
How does the industrial heritage of Ironbridge impact its built environment?
The legacy of Ironbridge’s industrial past, including preserved factories, workshops, and workers' housing, contributes to its unique architectural style and cultural significance.
149
How does the historical urban layout of Ironbridge affect its use?
Ironbridge's narrow streets, terraced houses, and industrial buildings give the town a quaint, historical atmosphere but limit modern development and infrastructure improvements.
150
How does the mix of old and new buildings impact Ironbridge?
The blend of historical industrial buildings and newer developments helps preserve Ironbridge’s heritage while accommodating modern tourism and local needs, although balancing both can be challenging.
151
How does the presence of green spaces affect Ironbridge?
Green spaces, like the nearby Severn Valley and parks, provide recreational areas for locals and visitors, enhancing Ironbridge’s attractiveness as a destination for relaxation and outdoor activities.
152
How does Ironbridge’s small size influence its development?
Ironbridge’s small size promotes a close-knit community and limits large-scale development, helping maintain its historical charm but also presenting constraints on infrastructure and housing growth.
153
How does the local climate affect Ironbridge?
Ironbridge's temperate climate, with moderate rainfall and relatively mild winters, supports a variety of outdoor tourism activities and contributes to its green, natural beauty.
154
How does the local road network affect Ironbridge?
The local road network in Ironbridge is relatively narrow, which can cause congestion, especially during peak tourist seasons, limiting accessibility and affecting traffic flow.
155
How does the proximity to other heritage sites affect Ironbridge?
The proximity to other heritage sites in the area, such as Blists Hill and Coalbrookdale, creates a regional historical destination, drawing more visitors and contributing to Ironbridge's economy.
156
How does the preservation of historic buildings affect Ironbridge?
The preservation of Ironbridge’s historic buildings, including the museums and heritage sites, fosters its reputation as a World Heritage Site and helps sustain local tourism, though it can limit opportunities for modern development.
157
How does the presence of tourism infrastructure impact Ironbridge?
The development of tourism infrastructure, such as visitor centers, hotels, and transport links, supports Ironbridge’s economy but must be carefully managed to avoid overcrowding and preserve the town's character.
158
What are human characteristics?
Human characteristics are aspects of a place shaped by people, such as culture, population, activities, and economic factors, which influence the development and identity of a location.
159
How does the diverse population of Brick Lane affect the area?
The multicultural population, particularly the Bangladeshi community, influences the area’s food, festivals, and businesses, creating a vibrant and culturally rich environment.
