changing spaces; making places Flashcards
1
Q
what are the key characteristics of a place?
A
culture
demographic
political
socioeconomic
built environment
physical geography
2
Q
what does brockenhurst mean as a place for others?
A
- tours on buses
- a watersplash ford
- historical village– William the Conqueror made it royal hunting ground
- honey pot site, popular with tourists
- college
- nature lovers
3
Q
what is the demography of brockenhurst?
A
- 47.5% male; 52.5% female
- mean age of 48.1
- 20.4% of people are 45-59 years old
- 97.4% of the population is white
- 68.7% of the population are religious, and 67% are Christian
- only 0.3% of the population registered in a same-sex partnership
4
Q
what are the socio-economic characteristics of brockenhurst?
A
- 92.5% of household spaces have at least one usual residents
- there is an average of 6.9 rooms and 3.3 bedrooms per household
- 79.8% of households are owned (54% owned outright)
39.4% of households have 1 car/van (and 34.7% have 2) - 6% of households have a lone parent
- 64.9% of the population are economically active, 60.1% are in employment
5
Q
what was regional geography?
A
flourished during the early 20th century, and was the study of world regions
6
Q
what was the quantitative revolution?
A
in the late 1960s, the discipline of geography was redefined as a spatial science. places were likely to be reduced to numerical data or points in space, detached from identity or meaning
7
Q
what was the emergence of radical geography?
A
in the 1980s, physical geography continued to use quantitative methods, but research in human geography diversified.
it was driven by urban and racial unrest in the USA + northern Europe, and the desire to improve the quality of life for all
8
Q
what was the cultural turn in geography?
A
geographers began to deconstruct the complicated connections between place, meaning and power through social and cultural lenses
9
Q
what is a place?
A
a space with meaning
10
Q
what is place attachment?
A
the relation ship/ emotional bond developed between people and place, potentially resulting in a place being part of a person’s self identity
setting that evoke personal memories and familiarity within a place can help form place attachments and increase their strength
11
Q
where does brockenhurst have economic connections with?
A
- London, Southampton (commuters)
- surrounding villages + towns (for social events, services and retail
- college catchment area (students + employees)
- Hampshire (day trippers)
12
Q
what are some land uses in brockenhurst?
A
- transport (train)
- commoners (commoner rights are entrusted to certain properties to pasture, pannage and estovers)
- national park (the new forest became a national park in 2005 to ensure that the natural beauty, history and wildlife is protected)
13
Q
what were Brockenhurst’s connections to war?
A
- WW1, brock was a hospital village for wounded troops, particularly from NZ and India
- WW2, Balmer Lawn Hotel was the location for many of Generals Eisenhower and Montgomery’s meetings as they planned the D-Day landings. triangle sections of roads originate from making it easier for tank manouvres
14
Q
what was Brockenhurt’s growth closely associated with?
A
improved transport links
railway opened in 1847 as part of the Southampton to Dorchester line, bringing in an influx of visitors and stimulated business + housing expansion
15
Q
what is space?
A
‘space’ exists between places and does not have the meanings that places do
for example, the North Atlantic Ocean is between New York and home in the UK and is a space to me, however it can also be a place to the deep-sea fisherman who work there
16
Q
what are the factors influencing perceptions of place?
A
- AGE: eg a playground to a 5 year old would have a different meaning to a teenager
- GENDER: safety + the roles of gender in different places change people’s perceptions of that place
- SEXUALITY: some places acquire meaning because they are where LGBTQ+ people tend to cluster, as they can be openly themselves and feel safe about it. for example, the election of LGBTQ+ local councillors in San Francisco creates a strong sense of place for LGBTQ+ people
- RELIGION: some natural landscape features are sacred to certain groups, eg the giant mass of sandstone Uluru in central Australia has a major role in Aboriginal creation stories
- ROLE: a person’s role in different places influences perceptions of fear, insecurity and anxiety.
17
Q
what is globalisation?
A
the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas + other aspects of culture
18
Q
how does globalisation influence sense of place?
A
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world means that there are a set of forces that are changing the ways in which people experience and understand places
19
Q
what does global village mean?
A
used to convey the idea that the world has become smaller, not in a physical sense but because of its greater interconnectedness
20
Q
what is time space compression?
A
the idea that space is no longer the barrier it once was to communication and the movement of people, goods and ideas
21
Q
how is place represented?
A
through the use of signs to create and convey meaning, and the means of communication by which people tell each other about places
22
Q
what are formal representations of place?
A
- tend to be more objective, and are based on facts rather than feelings or opinions
- include statistical representations of a place such as a census and geospatial data
23
Q
what is a census?
A
a complete population count for a given area or place taken at a specific date
24
Q
what are informal representations of place?
A
created through art, TV, film, music, photography, literature and advertising
25
how do adverts create representations of place?
adverts for goods often use place imagery indirectly as a backdrop in order to exploit a particular association of that place
26
what is a household?
- the basic source of data for censuses
- defined as one person living alone, or a group of people living at the same address, who share cooking facilities + a living room/sitting room/dining area
- short term residents such as uni students living together do not count as households
27
define quality of life
the extent to which people's needs + desires (social, psychological and physical) are met
eg do all people have equal rights? does everyone have reasonable access to healthcare? etc
28
define standard of living
the ability to access services and goods
eg food, water, clothes etc
29
define social inequalitiy
differences based on age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education and wealth exist in all societies
30
what is the cycle of deprivation?
poverty > poor living conditions > ill health > poor education > poor skills > poverty
31
define income
a person's earnings from their employment, dividends from shares and stocks, pension payments etc
32
define wealth
income and **total value of a person's assets** (eg. housing, personal possessions like artwork or jewellry, money in the bank, the value of stocks and shares etc)
33
define absolute poverty
people struggle to meet daily needs such as food, shelter etc
34
define relative poverty
lack sufficient income to participate fully in society
35
what does the UK government consider to be the 'poverty line'?
earning 60% or less than the median income
36
what can the English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 be used for?
- comparing small areas across England
- identifying the most deprived areas
- exploring the domains/types of deprivation
- comparing larger areas
37
what can't the IMD 2015 be used for?
quantifying how deprived a small area is
identifying deprived people
saying how affluent a place is
comparing with small areas in other UK countries
measuring real change in deprivation over time
38
what is the burgess model?
innermost circle = CBD, then factories/industry, then low, medium and high class residential respectively
shows how the CBD and inner city developed
39
define deindustrialisation
the loss of manufacturing and employment in urban areas, often due to outsourcing abroad
40
what is economic change?
is the process by which the type and amount of economic activity (employment) changes + develops
41
how has economic change been driven by globalisation?
as transport + communications have made the world more connected, economic activity has changed location
42
how do we measure social inequalities regarding income?
- world bank's definition of poverty = US$1.25/day PPP (purchasing power parity)
- GINI COEFFICIENT = used to measure levels of income inequalities within countries. It is defined as a ratio w variables between 0 (equal income amongst all) and 1 (all income is in the hands of one person in a country)
43
how can we measure social inequalities regarding housing?
- housing tenure (can be owner occupied, privately/publicly rented etc)
in many LIDCs housing tenure is complex, especially in slum areas
44
what is a squatter settlement?
where people have no legal right to the land they occupy
45
how can we measure social inequalities regarding education?
- the acquisition of skills can be underestimated if only formal qualifications are measured, especially in EDCs and LIDCs
- contrasts in literacy levels
46
how can we measure social inequalities regarding healthcare?
- measure of number of doctors per 1000 people
- access to medical provision, clean water, effective sanitation, quality + quantity of diet, type of housing, air quality
- attitudes towards vaccination, tobacco and alcohol
47
why do spatial patterns of social inequalities vary regarding wealth?
cost of living impacts disposable income
48
define urbanisation
the growth and development of cities
49
what might cause inner city decline?
- loss of manufacturing led to loss of jobs, which led to poverty, which could have caused an increase in crime, which can lead to poor living conditions and fewer jobs, as businesses move away
- as the factories moved abroad, the factory owners abandoned the terrace houses and failed to maintain them, the occupants did not have any money so the houses fell into disrepair
50
what is the cycle of decline?
low income - poor housing and poor food supply - poor health - lack of social aspiration - poor education or employment prospects - low income - etc
51
what are the positives of economic change in ACs
- loss of mining = improved environmental quality
- growth in LIDCs = demands for exports from ACs
- greater industrial efficiency, development of new tech, promotion of entrepreneurship + should attract foreign investment
52
what are the negatives of economic change in ACs?
job losses are often of unskilled workers
big gaps between skilled and unskilled workers develop
53
positives of economic change in EDCs and LIDCs?
can lead to exposure to new technology, improvement of skills and labour productivity
higher export generated income promoted export led growth, thus promotes investment in productive capacity and potentially leads to a multiplier effect
54
negatives of economic change in EDCs and LIDCs?
can lead to overdependence on a narrow economic base
**can destabilise food supplies as people give up agriculture**
environmental issue associated with over-rapid industrialisation
55
inequalities related to pensions?
some of the poorest members of society are those relying on the state pension, although some are entitled to benefits. There tends to be a disproportionate number of these people living in inner cities, contributing to high levels of deprivation in these areas
large numbers of people now have occupational pensions + state pension and also own homes right as they benefited from house price inflation, increasing their wealth
56
what has the government done to impact social inequalities in healthcare?
people pay for the NHS through the taxation system
literature is produced in ethnic minority languages to inform parents of the benefits of immunisation
57
how has the government impacted social inequalities regarding rural services?
key settlement policy - services such as education and healthcare, employment and housing have been concentrated in large villages and small towns: these places act as hubs for nearby smaller villages
58
What is Jembatan Besi like?
Is a slum in Jakarta about 4km
northwest of the city center.
Has a population of about 31,000.
and is one of Jakarta's most
densely populated districts
The settlement is hemmed in
on all sides by other built-up
areas and the Ciliwung River
59
what is sanitation like in jembatan besi?
- few homes have toilets, which means no sanitation
- slums have toilets but they are run for a profit and are poorly built, toilets flush into sewers in the streets
- no clean running water, groundwater polluted as it used to be a waste tip
60
what are the housing conditions like in Jembatan Besi?
- most homes consist of a relatively well built ground floor using timber + brick; as pressures on spaces have grown, extra stories have been added, and the construction is increasingly makeshift with height
- fire is a constant risk due to overcrowding and the improvised electrical wiring, which often gets overloaded
- houses have virtually no direct sunlight- electric lighting is by neon tubes and bare light bulbs
61
what is the environmental quality like in Jembatan Besi?
- toilets tend to flush into open sewers in the street, and there is no clean running water
- groundwater supplies available but polluted because its built on a former waste tip
- air pollution is at very high levels due to the use of kerosene for cooking + high levels of emissions
62
what is the access to resources like in Jembatan Besi?
- the nutrition of most slum dwellers is dominated by rice with little fresh protein or fruit and veg
- schools are poorly equipped
- internet is only sparsely available for a high price
63
what is income like in Jembatan Besi?
- the average income is US$4 a day but this is not a regular income
- significant garment industry with little security in slums, little health and safety precautions, people sell food and second hand stuff from waste tips
64
what is education like in Jembatan Besi?
- most schools are poorly equipped
- Too often families simply cannot allow their children to complete their formal education because they need to earn an income to support the family
65
what is age/gender/religion like in Jembatan Besi?
- garment industry employs girls
- children can't move up in wage ranks as schools aren't equipped to educate them
- predominant Muslim region attracts large population, which means housing is more expensive and more people live in slums
66
What is the future for Jembatan Besi?
- slums won't disappear
- the jakarta housing and administrative buildings agency has identified 392 'community units' that are slum areas planned for improvement; however, slum clearance to allow for rebuilding results in people moving to other slum areas, making the situation worse there
- strong sense of community within slums, and residents are resilient due to social inequality
67
what is Northwood, Irvine?
- is a community in the northern part of the City of Irvine in Orange County, California
- an edge city (there is substantial urban development on the fringe of an existing conurbation-- these are often formally planned and are relatively self-sufficient
- roughly 22,000 people live here in just over 8200 households
68
what are the housing condition like in Northwood?
- area characterised by single-family houses on relatively large 'lots'
- **91% of households own their own home**
- the average household size is 2.8 persons
69
what is the environmental quality like in Northwood?
- many of the streets are lined with trees, mostly eucalyptus
- lots of green spaces
- air pollution is relatively low as it is on the edge of the LA conurbation and therefore avoids the smog
70
what is income like in Northwood?
- median household income is US$86,500 per year compared to the national average of US$52,250
- average for males is US$80,410, average for females is US$41,525
71
what is health like in Northwood?
- healthcare is excellent
- air pollution really low
72
what is education like in Northwood?
- schools in Irvine are regularly assessed as being amongst the best-achieving schools in the US
- there are 5 high schools and several tertiary education facilities
- the educational standards of residents are high, 68.5% of residents aged 25 + have first degrees, with 20.5% possessing masters or doctorates
73
what is ethnicity like in Northwood?
- Ethnically, about half of the residents are white, with the second most numerous
group being Asian, as many former South Vietnamese migrated to the west coast of
the USA after the Vietnam War
74
what is the future of northwood?
- Even during downturns in the economy, the area retains its reputation for
high-paid employment
- Represents the opposite end of the economic spectrum to Jembatan Besi
75
what are players?
individuals, groups of people or formal organisations who can influence, or be influenced by, the processes of change
76
what are public players?
include the government. Try to stimulate economic growth, sustain employment and create new jobs, and improve the environment
77
what are private players?
include a wide range of different people and organisations. Businesses range from TNCs to self-employed and across all sectors in the economy
78
what are local communities' roles as players?
concerned about their immediate area. Interested in economic, social and environmental matters
79
what are NGOs?
non government organisations
tend to have a particular focus. some are small local groups whilst others are global
80
what was the Great Leap Forward?
was an attempt to industrialise China but led to poor manufacturing techniques + agricultural problems leading to famine (Great Famine 1950s) and starvation
81
what was the Cultural Revolution of 1966
Mao's attempt to get rid of opposition led to loss of middle classes and therefore skills + development of important sectors such as teaching, health and business
82
what was China's Economic Isolation?
Mao would only trade with other communist countries, of which there were not many, and only Russia was bigger. This meant that China couldn't grow and stayed stagnant
83
what was China's demography like before economic change?
birth rates high, death rates high especially amongst children
84
what were China's socioeconomic characteristics before economic change?
- centralised planning economy, meaning government decided what to make and how much
- no market forces at play, economy was not diverse and stagnated
- only three working options: commune, TVE and SOE
85
what were China's cultural characteristics like before economic change?
- theaters had limited numbers of state-approved plays
- Chinese New Year traditions discouraged and condemned
- old folktales replaced with stories of the liberation + communist revolution
86
what was the environment like in China before economic change?
- was good
- land was fertile and climate allowed cultivation of crops
- air land and water pollution was minimal
87
name 3 of the Four Modernisations
Agriculture
Industry
Science + Technology
88
how were TVEs involved in China's economic change?
- before 1978, centrally controlled + heavily influenced by local communist party member
- after 1978, could be owned privately by families, fewer controls from communist party, could make profit and reinvest their profit in developing the company
89
what were the successes and failures of SOEs?
- a few SOEs were very successful, and now compete globally, making huge profits for the Chinese government
- many SOEs closed due to lack of profitability = unemployment.
- removal of social welfare provision = problems esp pension and housing
90
what were the successes and failures of TVEs?
- really successful in 1980s in China's domestic market, making products people had not owned before
- by 2000, many had been replaced or become private companies
91
how were SOEs involved in China's economic change?
- before 1978, told what to produce by the state, had to meet state set production targets + provide housing, education etc for employees
- after 1978, unsuccessful SOEs were just closed down. SOEs that did turn a profit have experienced looser controls from the Communist Party. Large SOEs improved their management, smaller SOEs eventually privatised
92
how were private CHINESE businesses involved in China's economic change?
- have only really existed since 1990s
- have helped China develop small and large businesses
- some of these are now large international businesses
93
what were the successes and failures of private chinese businesses?
- since 2000, the number of private firms has dramatically increased and are now hugely successful
- initially failed as people were too scared of government repercussions and lacked the skills to run businesses
94
how were private foreign businesses involved in China’s economic change?
- predominantly US + european MNCS + TNCs
- China gained overseas skills, knowledge and experience, as well as access to global markets. TNCs also invest in community infrastructure
- TNCs have access to China’s booming middle class market. cheap labour, reduced environmental laws = can produce goods cheaper
95
what are the successes and failures of private foreign businesses in China?
- provided employment for lots of Chinese people. TNCs pay large business rates/ tax to the government
- poor working conditions, pollution
96
what are China’s socioeconomic characteristics like today?
- over the past 40 years, the number of people with incomes less than $1.90 a day has fallen by 800 million
- Apple in China has provided steady + continuous employment for 10s of thousands of people. However there are poor working conditions (long shifts due to high demand and pressures that make workers commit suicide)
97
what is the demographic of China like now?
- mass migration of people from rural to urban areas
- birth rates decreasing, life expectancy higher, death rates lower
98
what are the cultural impacts of China’s economic change now?
- one child families
- reemergence of old
traditions
99
what are the environmental impacts of China’s economic change now?
- rises in air pollutants, water pollutants, litter etc; as a consequence, there is poor health
- ≈ 1/3 industrial wastewater and 90% household sewerage released directly into rivers and lakes without treatment
- 80% cities have no sewage treatment facilities
- 90% of underground water sources in cities are contaminated
100
what are the roles of governments + other organisations in placemaking?
- explosion in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) = more people and governments use geography as part of their work
- UK is represented by an ambassador in most countries, they are independent from but closely linked to the government
- trade links supported and military co-operation organised by government
101
where are most FDI flows of capital from?
TNCs headquartered in ACs (eg Barclays, Sony and Nestle). Over 60% of their investments are in other ACs
102
give an example of FDI
HITACHI RAIL EUROPE
opened a new manufacturing plant at Newton Aycliffe in northeast England. The plant represents an £85 million flow of FDI from Japan to the UK
intended to help bring some positive social and economic improvements to Newton Aycliffe
103
how do local authorities make places?
- local authorities in the UK maintain their own planning departments.
- they develop a Local Plan for their own local areas w housing and industrial developments, transport and amenities like parks
- strategy important in placemaking as it sets the framework as it sets the framework for new buildings or uses of land
104
how do architects influence placemaking?
- buildings and spaces that architects design like parks and squares reflect history and culture of a place, and influence how our lives are lived
- period between 1950 and 1980, growing population but too few houses. in urban areas, much of inner city housing stock destroyed during war bombing. so, architects designed cheap system-built housing like tower blocks of flats, creating places w negative images ie Orchard Park, Hull
105
what is a purpose of rebranding as a 24 hr city
to alter common perceptions that central places are deserted, threatening and unsafe at night
106
give an example of a 24hr city
London - night bus routes doubled between 1999 and 2013.
in 2018, Uber Eats started a 24 hour food service in london
since Sept 2015, underground lines operate 24 hrs during the weekend
107
how do local community groups shape the place they live in?
- residents associations tend to be concerned with housing, community and environmental matters
- heritage associations can be active in the placemaking process when there is a distinguishing character based on the survival of past characteristics such as architecure
108
how does digital placemaking play a role in the process?
social media used to encourage public participation in planning and decision making about land use
allows people to share their individual reasons for using a place. Ideas are brought together, mapped, and a design for a place is adopted, which serves the needs of the community
^^ eg in Baltimore, USA
109
what is Poundbury? (case study)
- an urban extension to Dorchester in Dorset, and its guiding philosophy was spearheaded by King Charles III
- focus on fundamental principles:
-- architecture of the place (King's disdain for modern architecture reflected through this)
-- integrated affordable housing with private housing (though currently 35% of all housing is considered affordable)
-- walkable community, designed for pedestrians
-- mix of uses
110
define reimaging
developments associated w rebranding and usually involving cultural, artistic or sporting elements
111
define regeneration
the investment of capital and ideas into an area to revitalise and renew its socioeconomic and environmental conditions
112
define rebranding
developments aimed at changing negative perceptions of a place, making it more attractive to investment
113
how can sport rebrand a place?
- catalyst that helps kickstart rebranding
- eg Bahrain is keen to establish itself on F1 list of races as part of its rebranding as a major global hub
114
how can arts rebrand a place?
art events like Glastonbury Festival contribute both culturally and economically
115
how can retail rebrand a place?
- there is a growth in importance of consumer spending and emphasis on shopping experience
- flagship Selfridges story became icon of central Birmingham rebranding
116
how can heritage rebrand a place?
- Wessex Tourist Board based much rebranding on rich heritage with Stonehenge, Saxon history etc
- can revitalise a place
117
how can architecture rebrand a place?
- alters how people use a place, can reinforce heritage look or make it look more modern
118
how can food rebrand a place?
Ludlow, Shopshire known as 'the food town', with restaurants that have an international level reputation
119
how does EU funding get involved in place making?
European Regional Development Fund gives grant to assist projects to aid places that fall well below the average income levels found in EU
120
how are corporate players such as banks and insurance companies involved in placemaking?
- investing and building large shopping malls used to generate long-term regular flows of income for pension providers
121
what is an example of a seaside town which flourished in the 19th century but in the latter years of the 20th century has experienced economic in social decline?
boscombe
the decline has resulted in a landscape featuring poverty and neglect
122
what is the centrepiece of Boscombe's regeneration?
the Boscombe Spa Village project
aimed to rebrand Boscombe as a surf resort, transforming the local economy and changing public perceptions of the area
123
why did Boscombe need to rebrand?
from the 1960s onwards, Boscombe experienced underinvestment and decline
124
what were the factors involved in Boscombe's decline
Factors for this include
- 1970s, rise in international holidays as air travel became more accessible
- deindustrialisation of northern cities led to high unemployment + migration south (eg to Boscombe) = influx of drug users and sellers in 70s
- unoccupied hotels became low income flats
- decline in tourism = -ve multiplier effect on other businesses
- poor economic prospect leads to increasing crime rates leads to deterring of holiday makers
- tram services stopped and rail links reduced, making it harder for tourists to visit
125
how did the change in boscombe's demographic profile exacerbate its decline?
in the 1990, a number of substance misuse and treatment centres were opened
this resulted in Boscombe being characterised by a transient population
by the turn of the 21st century, it was in the top 2% of social and community deprivation indices in England with higher than average levels of unemployment, mental health issues, drug use, crime, prostitution and antisocial behaviour
126
what does the IMD measure?
they measure relative levels of deprivation across the country, and cover a range of economic, social and housing issues
127
what is the IMD?
Indices of Multiple Deprivation:
it is a composite index made of 7 components (or 'domains'). calculated by combining scores for each according to a specific weighting:
- Income Deprivation (22.5%)
- Employment Deprivation (22.5%)
- Health Deprivation + Disability (13.5%)
- Education, Skills + Training Deprivation (13.5%)
- Barriers to housing + services (9.3%)
- Crime and Disorder (9.3%)
- Living Environment Deprivation (9.3%)
128
what is one of the key strategic aims in Bosbombe's Seafront Strategy 2006-11?
to achieve inward investment, economic regeneration and to ensure the area is economically and environmentally sustainable
129
what was the Boscombe Spa Village Project?
in response to the declining socio-economic fortunes of the area, and the need to revitalise the neglected and underused seafront buildings, Bournemouth Borough Council initiated this project
the intention was to improve the seafront environment, rebrand Boscombe as a surf resort, stimulate economic investment into the area and in doing so, establish a new positive reputation for Boscombe
130
what has been done in the Boscombe Spa Village Project?
- construction on the £11.3 million project began in October 2006
- Construction of Europe's first artificial surf reef (key to rebranding as a surf resort, cost approx. £3 mil)
- refurbishment of the derelict Boscombe Pier (cost 2.8 million)
- refurbishment of the underused Overstrand building on the promenade, **including luxury 'beach pods' designed by HemingwayDesign, beach pod sales will also fund £1.8 million of regeneration costs**
131
how was the Boscombe Spa Village Project funded?
mostly self-funded through the sale of Honeycombe Chine car park on the seafront to Barratts, the property developer, **earning the council £9.35 million**
in turn, Barratts have constructed 170 sea-facing apartments on this land in a development called Honeycombe Beach
132
what were other elements of rebranding on Boscombe seafront?
- Sport: artificial surf reef builds on reputation for watersport. Sport England funded a Coastal Recreation Officer whose role is to encourage people to use the beach for sports
- Art and Culture: Boscombe has a history rich in the arts, local people and grassroots/voluntary organisation are keen to continue this heritage
- Signature and Innovative Architecture: refurbishment has been sympathetic to the original Overstrand and Pier, both built in a modernist style; CABE have funded competitions to design new beach huts amd establish the Arts Trail to link the seafront with Boscombe town
133
why did boscombe rebrand as a surf resort?
- taps into the now established trend for body-boarding and surfing (British Surfing Association estimates that the number of pts in the sport has increased exponentially, from 10,000-20,000 10 years ago to 500,000 today)
- good surfing conditions especially for beginners, so active surfing and watersports community already established
- surfing season (Sept-Apr) extends traditional tourist season
- provide new businesses opportunities such as surf schools and surf shops
134
what role did local residents have in Boscombe's regeneration
need to improve confidence in area and reduce risk in built environment for local people
have power of electing local councillors
1200 residents on 'Citizen's Panel' involved in consultation
250 young people consulted
135
what role did local businesses have in the regeneration of Boscombe?
need a thriving economic environment in which to operate
local businesses have invested in the area: restaurants, bars, shops, surf school
136
what role did visitors have in the regeneration of Boscombe?
one of the main target groups in making seafront more attractive
inject money into local economy
major role in developing positive reputation
1100 visitors involved in consultation
137
what role did property developers have in the regeneration of boscombe?
Barratt homes purchased former beachfront car park on which to build 170 new apartments
income funded major part of regeneration
138
what role did construction companies have in the regeneration of boscombe?
ASR Ltd contracted to build the surf reef
Overstrand redevelopment and structural engineering by Mildren with local contractors acquiring interior refurbishment work
139
what role did local authority (Bournemouth Borough Council) have in the regeneration of Boscombe?
required to plan for the development and management of the seafront
140
what role did the central government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport) have in Boscombe's regeneration?
funding awarded to CABE (Commission on Architecture and the Built Environment) through the Sea Change project, an initiative to regenerate coastal towns
invests in cultural projects which complement and enhance wider regeneration programmes to help seaside resorts
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outcomes of the Boscombe Spa Village project?
- the project has received a number of national awards relating to the regeneration of the area, the quality of the seafront, the pier, and efforts to ensure that it's environmentally sustainable
- issues regarding the functionality of the surf reef have caused conflict amongst key players
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environmental considerations of the Boscombe Spa Village project?
- improving built environment central to the project
- **Council won a Green Tourism and Business award**
- beach pods have electricity cut-off and light sensors
- council staff encouraged to cycle to work
- recycling facilities are in place are in place on the seafront for public use
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economic considerations of the Boscombe Spa Village project?
- has had a positive economic impact on the local community
- 32% increase in visitor numbers compared to the same period the year before
- **council estimate that the gross value added in this regeneration is £41.5million**
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social considerations of the Boscombe Spa Village project?
- Dorset Police report a decrease of 40% in antisocial behaviour
- social regeneration not the main aim of this project
- has played host to a number of community events
- several new apartment complexes aimed at the 'luxury' market have been built since 2007, and the number of people owning their own home increased
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what are the steps towards dereliction?
- economic downturn
- fall in wealth
- reduction in occupation of business units
- falls in levels of civic pride
- increased levels of graffiti
- people begin to move out
- dereliction
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what is a place's brand?
the popular image by which it is generally recognised
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what are the key elements of rebranding?
BRAND ARTEFACT:
- physical environment, create new environment, reuse existing environment, remove old environment
BRAND'S ESSENCE:
- people's experience of the brand (living in/working in/visiting/ talking about the city)
BRANDSCAPE:
- comparison w/ competitor cities (local/regional/national/international)
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what are strategies for rebranding a place? (mtfle)
- market led (eg gentrification)
- top-down (gov led eg London Docklands)
- flagship developments (eg Millenium Stadium)
- legacy (following sporting events eg Olympics)
- events or themes (Capital of Culture
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how can you measure economic success?
- income
- poverty levels
- employment
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how can you measure social success?
- inequality
- deprivation
- demographic change
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how can you measure environmental success?
- pollution levels
- waste disposal
- reduction in derelict land
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example of a rural area that underwent rebranding?
Blaenavon
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what strategies did Blaenavon use to rebrand?
- flagship developments, eg a National Museum for Wales on former mine called The Big Pit
- **15 May 2012 to 18 May 2012, Blaenavon World Heritage centre organised a series of events, one of which was an exploration of Blaenavon Ironworks**
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what are the natural characteristics of Toxteth?
- Toxteth occupies undulating land rising up from the banks of the River Mersey
- Position made it good for fishing in the Saxon era
A major port from the 18th century; it grew in the 18th and 19th Century, leading to an increase in wealth
Undulating land made it a good hunting location for King John in the 13th Century
- A stream flows from the northeast, dividing into two before discharging into the river
Made it ideal for farming, especially in the 16th century where it could be dammed and water power could be used from it
- The Mersey is fast flowing past Toxteth as its channel narrows before passing into Liverpool Bay, so there is little foreshore at Toxteth
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demography of Toxteth?
- Long history of immigration: the population today is 78% White, 7% Black African Caribbean, 6% mixed, 5% Asian and 4% other.
- Migration from the Commonwealth after WW2 to help rebuild England
- Cities like Liverpool are hubs for economic activity and so are attractive to migrants
- Toxteth’s cheap housing + established migrant communities are also attractive
- Migration within UK—Irish to Liverpool after Potato Famines
- The majority of the residents are aged between 16 and 64, with few elderly residents
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socio-economic characteristics of Toxteth
* Several areas in Toxteth are within the most deprived areas in the country
* Less than 50% of the population own a car—they have less disposable income
* Less than 30% of the population are the owner-occupier of home= lower overall wages/ savings
* Around 40% of students have 5 A* - C grades, suggesting that schools are poorly funded, and that there is no access to private tuition.
* A cause in the change of socio-economic characteristics in Toxteth is that the port is on the ‘wrong side’ of the UK—businesses switched to link with Europe more, and so closer ports were favored instead.
o Another cause was the deindustrialization in the 70s-80s: containerization of ships meant less dock workers were needed, the Mersey was too shallow for big ships, and manufacturing moved abroad)
o Modern industries clustered in the south east of the UK and greenfield sites, which was another cause of the decline since the 1930s
* Large unemployment + unrest (especially in the Black community who were worst affected) led to ‘Toxteth Riots’ in 1981.
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cultural characteristics of Toxteth
Mosques (Friday prayers/ Eid)
Greek Orthodox Synagogue since 19th Century
Caribbean Christian community
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political characteristics of Toxteth
- One of 30 wards that make up Liverpool City Council: ‘Riverside’ ward.
- National government influence i.e. Liverpool Riverside MP
- Past government influence – Merseyside Development Corporation- central government funding in 1980s
- Community groups—i.e. the regeneration of 4 streets in Toxteth area
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built environment of Toxteth?
- Large Georgian houses were built, followed by more grand houses in the Victorian era
- Due to the growth + industrialization of Liverpool and port led to Toxteth being filled up with cheap, terraced housing for workers in the docks + industry
- The built environment has been adapted by migrant communities. Mosques and ethnic retailers are visual indicators of a changing place.
- Many buildings have changed their use and new ones have been constructed
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how many TVEs were there in China in 1978 compared to 1985?
| and why was this?
1978 = 1.5 million
by 1985 there were 12 million
this large increase was due to a growing demand for their products, less control by the government and more localised decision making
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what is an example of an SOE?
Wuhan Iron and Steel (WISCO)
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what is WISCO?
founded in 1958 in Qingshan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
it was China's first supergiant iron and steel complex.
Annually, the company produces ten million tonnes of iron and steel each
it is the fifth largest steelmaker in the world, producing almost 38 million tonnes of steel in 2011
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timeline of WISCO?
1955, construction of Wuhan Iron and Steel facilities commences
2008, WISCO sets up trading office on US West Coast
2013, Wuhan in talks to develop iron ore project in West Africa
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TVEs Case Study?
Shuang Village
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how was Shuang Village involved in TVEs?
between 1984 and 2001, the number of village enterprises increased from 1 to 7, while their industrial output raced ahead at an average annual growth rate of 60%
Shuang's collective economy shifted onto a privatisation track in the mid-1990s, and was fully completed in the spring of 2002 after the village government gave away its last shareof a loss-making company
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what sort of products did the TVEs in Shuang Village make?
the very first village owned enterprise in Shuang was launched in 1974 as a chemical products factory
others include a metal foundry and paper cartons plant, as well as a chemical fibres factory
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who are the kurds?
the kurds are an ethnic group spread across a number of Middle Eastern countries.
the present 'heartland' of the Kurdish nation, known as Kurdistan, spreads across Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey
**The Kurds are estimated to number about 35 million in this heartland, with another 2-3 million living as a diaspora away from this region, eg Germany has a sizeable Kurdish community**
the Kurds have long wanted their own independent state. They have suffered persecution, notably under the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein and there is also a history of armed conflict with the Turkish police and military. The Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK), an organisation using armed conflict to bring about a Kurdish nation, is regarded as a terrorist organisation by the USA and EU countries
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how do tv soaps represent place
they represent places through the lives of local people
they build up strong fictional representations of places, partly through their continuity over the years
eg EastEnders and Coronation street represent two inner city places
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what causes booms and recessions
it has been claimed that the capitalist economic system operates in a series of interconnected cycles
the Russian economist Kondratieff concluded that **roughly 50 year cycles** of growth and decline have characterised the capitalist world since 1750
these cycles of growth and stagnation have been linked with technological innovation , with new industries providing the basis for a boom
once the technology is no longer 'new', fewer opportunities for growth exist and boom is followed by recession
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what are recessions
general slowdowns in economic activity
macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, investment spending, household income, business profits and inflation fall, while bankruptcies and unemployment rise
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how do recessions impact people
in general, the more skilled someone is, the more employment opportunities they are likely to have
households tend to cut back on spending on non-essentials such as leisure and entertainment when there is pressure on incomes
this can result in fewer jobs in service activities such as bars and restaurants
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what are examples of inequalities in silicon valley
silicon valley is home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations.
nearly half of all the venture capital in the USA is spent in Silicon Valley, and it has the most millionaires and billionaires in relation to the population of the region. in addition, law firms specialising in patent and copyright law have clustered in Silicon Valley, also offering opportunities for those with relevant skills
however, many of the production line workers are not paid more than the states' minimum wage, and the manufacture of some computer components involves exposure to toxic chemicals which pose health risks. the majority of these workers are female migrants from Asia or Latin America
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what are the natural characteristics of brockenhurst
one of the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pastureland, heathland, and forest in the southeast of England
the New Forest is a National Park and covers an area of 219 sq mi
**largest area of unsown vegetation in lowland Britain**
includes broadleaved woodland, heathland and grassland, wet heathland and tree plantations
low lying, flat topography
Highland Water, a tributary that runs into the Lymington River, runs through the centre of the village
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cultural characteristics of brockenhurst
very traditionally English feel and traditions
local CofE church at the heart of the village
there are many traditional church fayres and activities in the church hall
many traditional annual events like the Christmas Fayre and the New Forest Agricultural Show
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political characteristics of Brockenhurst
**part of the New Forest East constituency**
represented in the House of Commons by Julian Lewis, a Conservative MP, who has held this seat since the mid 1990s
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built environment of brockenhurst
centred around a high street with local shops and eateries
variety of different styles of houses, many detached or semi-detached in a traditional style
there is a local vicarage, primary school, and golf course
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what is health like in jembatan besi
epidemics of water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid are common
the tropical hot and humid climate means that malaria is an issue, as is hepatitis A
the very young and elderly are at risk from dehydration due to diarrhoea caused by poor hygeine
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what were Brockenhurst's past regional connections?
market villages and towns such as Lyndhurst
farming hamlets and fishing villages such as Lymington
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what were Brockenhurst's past national connections
would supply food to big cities such as Southampton and London
The New Forest was a source of wood for the ship building industry
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present regional connections of brockenhurst
is a tourist destination, as is Lymington and Lyndhurst. These places are connected by the services they offer to tourists eg biking, hotels and nature
also small businesses that link these areas together such as ice cream
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what are flows of people like in brockenhurst
significant numbers of daily commuters-- the village is just over an hours train journey from the centre of London
also large numbers of students and staff who commute to the college each day
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what are flows of money and investment like in brockenhurst (two examples)
before brexit, the new forest and its key rivers benefited from EU funding for rewilding-- reinstating meanders and oxbow lakes in attempt to increase natural water storage and reduce flooding
college has had investment funding from local universities (eg University of Southampton) and IBM, as part of a M3 local enterprise partnership investment program aiming to develop technology and the knowledge economy
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what are the flows of resources like in brockenhurst
historically, the New Forest has provided wood for ship building in Southampton and Portsmouth
today it provides bespoke wooden products for homes, especially kitchens
New Forest Ice Cream exported locally
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what are the flows of ideas like in brockenhurst
college provides a range of qualifications aimed at local teenagers, but also the adult population
this is aimed at developing the local skills and knowledge, as well as preparing students for university and employment
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what are the flows of money and investment like in toxteth
before brexit, EU funding via its Structural and Investment Funds Strategy attempted to help regenerate Liverpool's profile
for example, the city's Low Carbon sector has been expanding with employment created in offshore wind technology.
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what is the flow of ideas like in toxteth
The Liverpool Science Park was started in 2003 to support the growth and development of the knowledge economy in Liverpool
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