Changing UK landscapes

Question 1

What are the three main groups of rock types in the UK?

Answer 1

Sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.

Question 2

What is a characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?

Answer 2

They are formed in layers called beds and often contain fossils.

Question 3

Give two examples of sedimentary rocks.

Answer 3

• Chalk
• Sandstone

Question 4

What makes sandstone resistant to weathering?

Answer 4

It is made of sand-sized grains cemented together.

Question 5

Give two examples of an igneous rock.

Answer 5

*granite

*basalt

Question 6

How are igneous rocks typically characterized?

Answer 6

They are hard, formed of crystals, and usually impermeable.

Question 7

What is basalt made from?

Answer 7

Very small crystals formed from cooled lava flows.

Question 8

Give two examples of metamorphic rocks.

Answer 8

*schist

*slate

Question 9

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Answer 9

By great heat and pressure.

Question 10

What is slate formed from?

Answer 10

Mudstone, at convergent plate boundaries.

Question 11

What are two differences between igneous and sedimentary rocks?

Answer 11

• Igneous rocks are hard and resistant to erosion
• Sedimentary rocks are formed in layers and can contain fossils

Question 12

What happens to granite landscapes in terms of drainage?

Answer 12

They drain badly and tend to be boggy.

Question 13

True or False: Igneous rocks are permeable.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Fill in the blank: Slate splits easily into _______.

Answer 14

thin layers.

Question 15

What is a characteristic of basalt?

Answer 15

It is a grey rock made from very small crystals.

Question 16

What are the two main types of landscapes in the UK?

Answer 16

Upland and lowland landscapes

Question 17

What has influenced the physical landscapes of the UK?

Answer 17

Geology and past tectonic activity

Question 18

What type of rocks mainly form the north-western UK?

Answer 18

Harder igneous and metamorphic rocks

Question 19

What type of rocks mainly form the south-eastern UK?

Answer 19

Softer sedimentary rocks

Question 20

What is the imaginary line that divides the UK into uplands and lowlands?

Answer 20

Tees-Exe line

Question 21

What type of rocks are formed from magma and lava?

Answer 21

Igneous rocks

Question 22

What rock group do the rocks in south-east England belong to?

Answer 22

Sedimentary

Question 23

Fill in the blank: Sedimentary rocks are much softer and more easily ______ than igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Answer 23

eroded

Question 24

True or False: Upland Britain is made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What are the physical processes that contribute to the distinctive upland and lowland UK landscapes?

Answer 25

Glacial erosion and deposition, weathering, climatological processes, post-glacial river and slope processes ## Footnote These processes work together to shape the landscape, as seen in various regions such as the Lake District and Herefordshire.

Question 26

What is glacial erosion?

Answer 26

The process where a glacier carves out features in the landscape, such as a corrie ## Footnote Stickle Tarn in the Lake District is an example where glacial erosion is evident.

Question 27

What is weathering?

Answer 27

The breakdown of rock fragments that leads to the formation of scree slopes ## Footnote Freeze-thaw weathering is a specific type of weathering that contributes to this process.

Question 28

How does climate affect the landscape in the Lake District?

Answer 28

High precipitation leads to significant surface drainage over impermeable rocks, creating many streams ## Footnote This contributes to the overall hydrology and erosion processes in the region.

Question 29

What characterizes a U-shaped valley?

Answer 29

A flat bottom and steep sides formed by glacial activity ## Footnote The valley floor being too wide for the stream to have eroded it is a key indicator of a U-shaped valley.

Question 30

What role do rivers play in shaping the lowland landscape of Herefordshire?

Answer 30

River erosion and deposition contribute to the formation of wide valleys and floodplains ## Footnote The River Lugg and River Wye are key rivers involved in this process.

Question 31

What happens during river deposition?

Answer 31

Silt is deposited on the valley floor during floods, forming a wide, flat floodplain ## Footnote Prolonged heavy rain can trigger flooding, enhancing deposition.

Question 32

How did Bowerman's Nose in Dartmoor form?

Answer 32

Through the interaction of magma cooling to form granite, followed by weathering and erosion processes ## Footnote This led to the formation of tors from outcrops of granite less affected by weathering.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: Dartmoor formed when a dome of magma (_______) developed underground 290 million years ago.

Answer 33

batholith

Question 34

Which of the following rocks is not formed of crystals?

Answer 34

B Chalk ## Footnote The other options—Granite, Schist, and Basalt—are all crystalline rocks.

Question 35

What has heavily influenced all landscapes in the UK?

Answer 35

Human activity ## Footnote The UK has been settled by humans for thousands of years.

Question 36

What types of farming are suited to different landscapes in the UK?

Answer 36

* Sheep farming in upland areas * Arable farming in fertile lowland valleys ## Footnote Different farming types are adapted to specific landscapes.

Question 37

What is forestry?

Answer 37

Managing woodland for timber ## Footnote Many UK upland landscapes have been planted with trees for this purpose.

Question 38

What type of woodland would the UK naturally be covered by?

Answer 38

Deciduous woodland ## Footnote Some landscapes feature conifer plantations instead.

Question 39

What happens when trees are felled for timber in plantations?

Answer 39

A section of the plantation may be cleared ## Footnote This is shown in the aerial photo of the Strathyre Forest.

Question 40

Why have lowland landscapes been more altered by human settlement than upland landscapes?

Answer 40

* Flat land for easier building * River meander loops for defense * Coastal plains and natural harbors for fishing * Shallow points on rivers for fords ## Footnote Settlements grew where the landscape offered advantages.

Question 41

What is one reason why the site of Shrewsbury was chosen for a settlement?

Answer 41

Offers advantages such as flat land ## Footnote The question asks about both lowland and upland landscapes.