CHANNELS OF DIPLOMACY

Question 1

MAIN FUNCTIONS THAT A MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS HAVE:

Answer 1

1. STAFFING AND SUPPORTING MISSIONS ABROAD(proveer y apoyar las misiones exteriores)
   - proveer con las infrastructuras necesarias en las misiones externas (consulados, embajadas…)
   - establecer los objetivos de la mision y dar instrucciones de como realizar su rol.
   - Asegurarse que las acciones e intereses del estado están siendo realizadas con éxito.

2ºPOLICY MAKING AND IMPLEMENTATION.
(Geographical departments vs functional departments)

3º COORDINATION OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Coordinate the role of foreign affairs with all the departments of another country. So, each country has different ministries, which also need to deal with international and foreign affairs. That is the role of the foreign ministry- to deal with and coordinate all those international needs of each department. MULTILATERAL CHANNEL

4ºDEALING WITH FOREIGN DIPLOMATS AT HOME
- Protocol department.

Question 2

GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS VS. FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS ()

Answer 2

Foreign ministries are distributed by departments.

• GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS: focus on regions/ states
• FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS: deals with subjects/topics.

WHY FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS SHOULD NOT REPLACE GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS

1º los departamentos geograficos se basan en realizar acuerdos bilaterales entre estados importantes. Mientras que departamentos funcionales hay muchos dentro de un gbierno. Si solo hay uno ;en este caso functional department que a demas de hacer sus propias funciones , tiene que hacer las funciones del geographical department– habria falta y problemas de coordinacion.

2º si desaparece el geographical department, el role del foreign ministry se debilitaria. y se cuestionaria su papel. debido a que los functional department podrian hacer ellos mismos el papel de foreing ministry.

3º Cada departamento/ ministerio del gobierno tienen sus funciones y habilidades, que otro no puede hacer. por lo tanto, para realizar buenas funciones, ambos departamentos deben existir.

Question 3

CONSTITUTIVE VS. DECLARATORY THEORY OF STATE RECOGNITION–> mutual recognition

Answer 3

CONSTITUTIVE THEORY: a state exists exclusively via recognition by other states. (19th century)

DECLARATORY THEORY: (20th century): an entity becomes a state as soon as it meets the minimal criteria for statehood. Therefore recognition by other states is purely “declaratory”

–requirements of statehood (ART 1 MONTEVIDEO CONVENTION): population+ territory + effective government + capacity to enter into international relations.

Question 4

CHANNELS OF DIPLOMACY

Answer 4

A. PERMANENT DIPLOMACY
1º DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS (resident embassies)
2º CONSULAR MISSIONS
3º PERMANENT REPRESENTATION - RESIDENT MISSIONS –multilateral channel: representation of the state before an IOs

B. AD HOC DIPLOMACY
1º SPECIAL MISSIONS
2º CONFERENCES OR SUMMITS

Question 5

PERMANENT DIPLOMACY–> differences between embassies- consulates -multilateral diplomacy

Answer 5

1º RESIDENT MISSION: DIPLOMATIC MISSION
EMBASSIES: situadas en las grandes ciudades, representan a un estado en otro pais, ayudan con asuntos diplomaticos grandes.
su legal instrument es: Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
2º CONSULATES: se encuentran en ciudades mas pequeñas, handle minor issues such as visas, trade relationships, migrants, turists.
legal instrument: Vienna Convention on Consular Mission

3º MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY: cuando un estado esta representato en una organization internaitonal. como UN.

Question 6

VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS- ¿de que habla?

Answer 6

• de las funciones de los embajadores y su staff
• Legal protection
• inmunities
• diplomatic law

Question 7

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF AN EMBASSY

Answer 7

1º REPRESENTAR
2º NEGOCIAR
3º PROTEGER
4º INFORMAR
5º COOPERAR

Question 8

ORGANIGRAMA DE UN DIPLOMATIC MISSION (de mayor a menor importancia)

Answer 8

1º head of mission
—-»>DIPLOMATIC AGENTS
2º diplomatic staff

3ºadministrative and technical staff

4º service staff

Question 9

¿QUÉ TIPO DE IMMUNIDADES RECIVEN Y POR QUÉ?

Answer 9

1º TIPO: criminal + administrative + civil jurisdiction based on the receiving state depending on their status and whether they are nationals of the receiving state or not.

2º RAZÓN: para asegurar que estan realizando efficicientement sus funciones representando al estado.

Question 10

what is personal inviolability? who obtain it?

Answer 10

PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY REFERS TO…
- no arrest not detention
-their private resident must be protected
-enjoy criminal+adminsitrative+civil jurisdiction
(no ser judgados / siempre protegidos / no pagar taxes…)

THE DIPLOMATIC AGENTS (head of mission+ diplomatic staff) siempre.
THE REST : solo cuando esten realizando su trabajo.
– administrative and tehcnical staff: enjoy criminal jurisdiction outside
–service staff: solo cuando esten trabajando+ no pagan taxes

Question 11

EXCEPTIONES DE PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY

Answer 11

(i) si tiene el head of mission or diplomatic staff una segunda residencia en el receiving state, esa no esta protegida, solo la official
(ii) si esta siendo relacionado con un caso de herencia, tienen que pagar taxes en el pais de origen
(iii) si esta relacionado con un caso de actividad comercial fuera de su trabajo, no es protegido

Question 12

who has always total personnal inviolability?

Answer 12

the diplomatic agents: – head of mission

–diplomatic staff

Question 13

¿Tiene la familia immunities y privilegios?

Answer 13

SI- siempre y cuando NO sean nacionales or residentes en el pais.

PERO NO pueden ejercer otras commercial activities

Question 14

¿WHAT IS THE “PREMISES OF THE MISSION”?

Answer 14

The “premises of the mission” are the buildings or parts of buildings and the land , irrespective of ownership, used for the purposes of the mission including the residence of the
head of the mission

Question 15

WHAT ABOUT PRIVATE SERVANTS (los que no han sido contratados por el receiving state)

Answer 15

Private servants of members of the mission shall if they are not nationals of or permanently resident in the receiving State, be exempt from dues and taxes on the salary they receive by reason of their employment.
In other respects, they may enjoy privileges and immunities only to the extent admitted by the receiving State. However, the receiving State must exercise its jurisdiction over those
persons in such a manner as not to interfere unduly with the performance of the functions of the mission.

Question 16

HOW LONG DO IMMUNITY AND PRIVILEDGES LASTS?

Answer 16

• Desde el momento que el diplomatic staff lega al receiving state hasta que su periodo de 4 años pasa.
  (incluso si alguna cosa pasa en ese periodo, como un conflicto armado, sus inmunidades permanencen)
  (si muere: igual, la familia y el resto de personal mantienen los privilegios durante 4 años)

Question 17

¿puede el embajador inteferir en los asuntos internos del pais?

Answer 17

Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State. They also have a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of that State

Question 18

WHAT HAPPENS IF THEY ABUSE THEIR PRIVILEDGES?

Answer 18

RECEIVING STATE notifica al SENDING STATE que esa persona es PERONA NON GRATA.

The receiving State may at any time and without having to explain its decision, notify the sending State that the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is persona non grata or that any other member of the staff of the mission is not acceptable

• si pasa que el receiving state se queja diciendo que ese diplomatico no ha cumplido con su mision, o esta abusando de sus inmunidades, esa persona es “persona non grata”&raquo_space; ya no es reconocida como diplomatico
• -entonces el sending state: debe de retirar sus poderes y retirarlo de la mision

Question 19

WHAT HAPPENS IF THE SENDING STATE DOES NOT DO ANYTHING IF THE RECEIVING STATE STATE PERSONA NON GRATA?

Answer 19

el receiving state, le quita todas las immunidades y privilegios a la persona, si el sending state no hace nada

Question 20

WHAT CAN THE SENDING STATE DO IF THE DIPLOMAT RECEIVE THE STATUS OF PERSONA NON GRATA?

Answer 20

-cancelar su funcion como diplomatico
-y renuncia a sus immunidades
(normalmente suele ser si relaizan algo muy serio como crimen o asi, si no so suele pasar
)

Question 21

HOW LONG DOES THE DIPLOMAT HAS TO DO THEIR FUNCTIONS»TERMINATION OF THEIR FUNCTIONS

Answer 21

(FUNCIONES VS. IMMUNIDADES)

-las immunidades las tiene siempre durante los 4 años que este en ese pais, y se las quitan si abusa de ellas.
-las funciones es su trabajo, pues igual, 4 años en ese pais. a no ser que el receiving state ya no le reconozca como diplomatico. PERO :
si en el sending or receiving state hay un cambio de govierno, coup-de-etat- , sus funciones siguen estando. y las debe de seguir realizando.

Question 22

¿QUE PASA EN CASO DE ARMED CONFLICT EN EL RECEIVING STATE?

¿COMO DEBE DE ACTUAR EL DIPLOMAT?

Answer 22

• siguen teniendo immunities and priviledges.
• el diplomatico debe de proteger y respetar a los nacionales que haya en el pais.
• lo puede hacer confiando su proteccion a un tercer estado, siempre que el receiving state lo acepte.

Question 23

MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONSULATE AND EMBASSY

Answer 23

EMBASSY: facilitate the comunication between home and host governments. Represent the interests of the nation.
Negotiate/ representate / informate / coordinate/ protect

CONSULATE: administrative duties/ provide assistance to the nationals // representate nationals
Visa and passport insurance //

Question 24

CONSULATE MISSION’S IMMUNITIES

Answer 24

1º IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION:consulate missions are immune from the jurisdiction of the receiving state, en todo lo que respecta a su trabajo. en su vida privada si estan sujetos al derecho y normas del pais

2ºLIABILITY TO GIVE EVIDENCE
En casos que no son de su trabajo»si evidencia
En casos que SI son de su trabajo» no dan evidencia/ no compadecen

3º PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY
Pueden ser arrestados y detenidos en casos de crimines o otras cosas.

4º INVIOLABILITY OF PREMISES
El consulado como tal, si esa protegido, pero las casas privadas del staf no lo estan (que las casas de el embajador si estaban)

Question 25

have consulates mission immunity from the jurisdiction of the receiving state?

Answer 25

YES» during their official acts
NO» in their private life
(which in the case of DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS» the diplomatic agents have always)

Question 26

WHAT KING OF PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY DOES CONSULATES HAVE?

Answer 26

in case of CRIMINAL ACT, they are subject to arrest and detention and also they must give EVIDENCES in cases that are subjet to their official act
(in the case of DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS: they have complete personal immunity )

Question 27

CONSULAR MISSION FUNCTIONS

Answer 27

1º ASSISTANCE TO NATIONALS

2º ENTRY CLEARANCE -decir quien entra y quien no
(visa diplomatic)
3º CONSULAR DIPLOMACY(en el que caso de que no haya a diplomatic mission in the country, el consular post can do both functions)

Question 28

WHAT DOES THE CONCEPT “VISA DIPLOMATIC MEANS”?

Answer 28

una de las funciones de consular mission is issuing visa and pastports, both to nationals and foreingers that might need them.
hay un tipo de diplomacia y relaciones diplomaticas que si un pais no da pastport a nacionales de otro, puede que sea debido a las malas relaciones o problems entre paises.