Chap 1 Flashcards

Question

the proletariat

Answer 1

noun /ðə ˌprəʊləˈteəriət/ 1. (used especially when talking about the past) the class of ordinary people who earn money by working, especially those who do not own any property the industrial proletariat

Answer 2

noun /ðə ˌbʊəʒwɑːˈziː/ 1. the middle class (= the social group between the rich and the poor), especially the people thought to have a strong interest in supporting traditional customs and values 2. (in Marxism) the part of society, including employers and people who run large companies, that has most of the money and power which it gets from the work of ordinary people

Answer 3

adjective /rɪˈlentləs/ 1. not stopping; not getting less strong -SYNONYM unrelenting - her relentless pursuit of perfection The sun was relentless. 2. refusing to give up or be less strict or severe a relentless enemy

Answer 4

adjective /dɒɡˈmætɪk/ 1. being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept them, without paying attention to evidence or other opinions - a dogmatic approach 2. If you are dogmatic, you are certain that you are right and that everyone else is wrong. ## Footnote dogmatism (noun) dogmatist (noun) dogmatically (adv)

Answer 5

noun /rɪˈfɔːm/ 1. change that is made to a social system, an organization, etc. in order to improve or correct it a government committed to reform verb 1. to become better, or to make something better by making corrections or removing any faults: - As governor, he reformed election procedures. ## Footnote reform (noun) reformation (noun) reformed (adj)

Answer 6

noun /ɪnˈsɒlvənsi/ 1. the state of not having enough money to pay what you owe; an occasion when this happens SYNONYM bankruptcy - The company is close to insolvency. ## Footnote insolvent (adj) : (especially of a company) not having enough money to pay debts, buy goods,

Answer 7

noun /ʌnˈrest/ 1. a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest ## Footnote unrestful (adj)

Answer 8

noun /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/ 1. a strong feeling of shock and anger - The judge's remarks caused public outrage. 2. an act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and that shocks people or makes them very angry SYNONYM: atrocity - No one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest terrorist outrage. verb 1. to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked, or upset: - The proposed pay cut outraged the staff. 2. (especially of an unfair action or statement) to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked, or upset: ## Footnote outrageous (adj)

Answer 9

noun /ˈbɑːɡənɪŋ/ 1. discussion of prices, conditions, etc. with the aim of reaching an agreement that is acceptable SYNONYM: negotiation - After much hard bargaining we reached an agreement. ## Footnote bargainer (noun) bargain (verb)

Answer 10

verb/noun /nʌdʒ/ 1. (Nudge somebody/something) to push somebody gently, especially with your elbow, in order to get their attention He nudged me and whispered, ‘Look who's just come in. 2. (nudge somebody/something + adv./prep. to push) somebody/something gently or gradually in a particular direction - He nudged the ball past the goalie and into the net. 3. nudge (something) + adv./prep. to move forward by pushing with your elbow - He nudged his way through the crowd. 4. nudge something (+ adv./prep.) to reach or make something reach a particular level - Inflation was nudging 20 per cent.

Answer 11

adjective /ɪˈlɪtərət/ 1. (of a person) not knowing how to read or write 2. badly written, as if by somebody without much education 3. (usually after a noun or adverb) not knowing very much about a particular subject area noun 1. someone who is illiterate ## Footnote illiteracy (noun)

Answer 12

verb /ɪnˈfræntʃaɪz/ 1. enfranchise somebody to give somebody the right to vote in an election OPPOSITE: disenfranchise

Answer 13

noun /ˌædʒɪˈteɪʃn/ 1. [uncountable] worry that you show by behaving in a nervous way - Dot arrived in a state of great agitation. 2. uncountable] agitation (for/against something) public protest in order to achieve political change - widespread agitation for social reform 3. [countable] (Indian English) a public meeting or a march (= an organized walk by many people) at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting something - The situation has provoked agitations all over the region. 4. uncountable] (specialist) the act of mixing or shaking a liquid

Answer 14

noun /ɪˌmænsɪˈpeɪʃn/ 1. the act of freeing somebody, especially from legal, political or social controls that limit what they can do - the emancipation of slaves

Answer 15

verb /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/ 1. [transitive] engage something/somebody (formal) to succeed in attracting and keeping somebody’s attention and interest - It is a movie that engages both the mind and the eye. 2. to employ a person, company, etc. to do a particular job - (engage somebody/something): She has already engaged a lawyer. - (engage somebody/something as something): He was immediately engaged as a consultant. - (engage somebody/something to do something) Karl Böhm engaged her to sing in Vienna. 3. (engage (with something/somebody) to become involved with and try to understand something/somebody): - She has the ability to engage with young minds. 4.[ transitive, intransitive] (formal) to begin fighting with somebody - (engage somebody): He ordered his men to engage the enemy. 5. [intransitive, transitive] when a part of a machine engages, or when you engage it, it fits together with another part of the machine and the machine begins to work - The cogwheels are not engaging. - (engage with something)" One cogwheel engages with the next. - (engage something): Engage the clutch before selecting a gear. ## Footnote engaged (adj) *** engagement(noun)

Answer 16

noun /ˌsʌfrəˈdʒet/ 1. a member of a group of women who, in the UK and the US in the early part of the 20th century, organized a campaign for the right of women to vote in political elections ## Footnote suffragist (noun)

Answer 17

adjective /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ 1. Connected with an empire - the imperial family/palace/army imperial power/expansion 2. used to describe a UK system of measurement that uses units such as inches, ounces, and pints: 3. relating to a government or country that controls or rules other countries: - imperial expansion of American power ## Footnote imperialism (noun) imperialist (noun)

Answer 18

noun / adj /pəˈtrɪʃn/ 1. a person from the highest social class SYNONYM: aristocrat

Answer 19

noun /ˈpeznt/ 1. especially in the past, or in poorer countries) a farmer who owns or rents a small piece of land - peasant farmers 2. (informal, disapproving) a person who is rude, behaves badly or has little education SYNONYM: lout

Answer 20

noun /prɪˈdɒmɪnəns/ 1. [singular] the situation of being greater in number or amount than other things or people SYNONYM: preponderance - a predominance of female teachers in elementary schools 2. [uncountable] the state of having more power or influence than others SYNONYM dominance the ongoing struggle for global predominance

Answer 21

adjective /ˈpærəmaʊnt/ 1. more important than anything else - this matter is of paramount importance 2. having the highest position or the greatest power

Answer 22

noun /frɪndʒ/ 1. the front part of somebody’s hair that is cut so that it hangs over their forehead 2. [countable] a narrow border of hanging threads attached to the edge of something to decorate it 3. [countable] a narrow area of trees, buildings, etc. along the edge of something - a fringe of woodland 4. [countable] the outer edge of an area or a group - The factories are located on the northern fringes of the city. 5. a part of a group that is not very powerful, or is more extreme than the main group, and does not include many of its members - fringe candidate She's a fringe candidate who has no real chance of getting elected. verb (be fringed with something) If a place is fringed with something, that thing forms a border along the edge: The river is fringed with wildflowers.

Answer 23

verb /pəˈzes/ 1. Possess something (formal) to have or own something - He was charged with possessing a shotgun without a licence. 2. possess something (formal) to have a particular quality or feature - I'm afraid he doesn't possess a sense of humour. 3. Possess somebody (literary) (of a feeling, an emotion, etc.) to have a powerful effect on somebody and control the way that they think, behave, etc. - A terrible fear possessed her. 4. possess somebody to do something (used in negative sentences and questions) to make somebody do something that seems strange or unreasonable - What possessed him to say such a thing? ## Footnote possession (noun) possessor (noun) possessive (adj)

Answer 24

verb /ˈɪəmɑːk/ 1. to decide that something will be used for a particular purpose, or to state that something will happen to somebody/something in the future - be earmarked (for somebody/something) The money had been earmarked for spending on new school buildings. noun 1. an amount of money from the US Congress’s budget to be spent on a particular project: - A senator obtained an earmark of $1.5 million last year to deal with a beetle that attacks trees, lawns, and crops. 2. to keep or plan to use something for a particular purpose: - earmark sth for sth The money had been earmarked for airport improvements.

Answer 25

noun /ˌtiːliˈɒlədʒi/ 1. [uncountable, singular] (philosophy) the theory that events and developments are meant to achieve a purpose and happen because of that ## Footnote teleological (adj)

Answer 26

adjective /ˌsæŋktɪˈməʊniəs/ 1. giving the impression that you feel you are better and more moral than other people SYNONYM: self-righteous - a sanctimonious voice

Answer 27

noun /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/ 1. a government formed by two or more political parties working together - The two parties have formed a coalition. 2. a group formed by people from several different groups, especially political ones, agreeing to work together for a particular purpose - The network is a global coalition of environmental and consumer groups.

Answer 28

verb /fɔɪl/ 1. to stop something from happening, especially something illegal; to prevent somebody from doing something SYNONYM: thwart - foil something to foil a plan/crime/plot - foil somebody (in something) They were foiled in their attempt to smuggle the paintings. noun 1. a very thin sheet of metal, especially used to wrap food in to keep it fresh: tin foil 2. something or someone that makes another's good or bad qualities more noticeable: (foil for) The older, cynical character in the play is the perfect foil for the innocent William.

Answer 29

noun /ˈɪnəsns/ 1. the fact of not being guilty of a crime, etc. She protested her innocence (= said repeatedly that she was innocent) 2. lack of knowledge and experience of the world, especially of evil or unpleasant things Children lose their innocence as they grow older. ## Footnote innocent (adj)

Answer 30

verb /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/ 1. [intransitive, transitive] to say that you think somebody/something is bad; to say what you do not like or think is wrong about somebody/something - All you ever do is criticize! - (criticize somebody/something for something) She has been sharply criticized for her comments. - [transitive] criticize something to judge the good and bad qualities of something - We were taught how to criticize poems. ## Footnote criticism (noun) critic (noun)

Answer 31

noun /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ 1. the parts of a building or an object that support its weight and give it shape built on a wooden framework 2. a set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements, decisions, etc. - a theoretical/conceptual framework 3. the structure of a particular system - (framework for something) We need to establish a legal framework for the protection of the environment.

Answer 32

noun /ˈpætnt/ 1. an official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product or an invention; a document that proves this - (patent on something) to apply for/obtain/take out a patent on an invention - (by patent) The device was protected by patent. verb 1. to get the official legal right to make or sell an invention: If you don't patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it. adj 1. very obvious

Answer 33

noun /skræp/ 1. [countable] a small piece of something, especially paper, cloth, etc. - She scribbled his phone number on a scrap of paper. 2. [singular] (usually with a negative) a small amount of something SYNONYM: bit - It won't make a scrap of difference. 3. scraps [plural] food left after a meal Give the scraps to the dog. 4. [uncountable] things that are not wanted or cannot be used for their original purpose, but which have some value for the material they are made of - (for scrap) We sold the car for scrap (= so that any good parts can be used again). - 5. (informal) a short fight or argument

Answer 34

verb /skræp/ 1. to not continue with a system or plan: - They're considering scrapping the tax and raising the money in other ways. 2. to get rid of something that is no longer useful or wanted, often using its parts in new ways: - Hundreds of nuclear weapons have been scrapped. 3. to have a fight or an argument

Answer 35

verb /swuːp/ 1. [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of a bird or plane) to fly quickly and suddenly downwards, especially in order to attack somebody/something SYNONYM: dive - The aircraft swooped down over the buildings. 2. [intransitive] swoop (on somebody/something) (especially of police or soldiers) to visit or attack somebody/something suddenly and without warning - Officers swooped on the vehicles as they left the ferry. noun 1. an occasion when a place is suddenly attacked in order to surround or catch someone: - He was arrested in an early morning swoop on his home. 2. the act of moving quickly and easily through the air, especially down from a high position in order to attack: - The bird lifted off for a graceful swoop below the ridge top. ## Footnote swoopy ((adj)

Answer 36

verb /səˈlɪdɪfaɪ/ 1. [intransitive, transitive] solidify (into something) | solidify (something) to become solid; to make something solid - The mixture will solidify into toffee. 2. [intransitive, transitive] (formal) (of ideas, etc.) to become or to make something become more definite and less likely to change - solidify (into something) Vague objections to the system solidified into firm opposition. - solidify something They solidified their position as Britain's top band. ## Footnote solidity (noun) solid (adj) solidification (noun)

Answer 37

noun /ˌpəʊləraɪˈzeɪʃn/ 1. the act of separating or making people separate into two groups with completely opposite opinions 2. the fact of waves of light, etc. vibrating in a single direction ## Footnote polarity (noun) polarize (verb)

Answer 38

adjective /kənˈsɪstənt/ 1. (approving) always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc. a consistent approach to the problem 2. happening in the same way and continuing for a period of time - We have had enough of the party's consistent failure to come up with any new policies. 3. Consistent with something in agreement with something; not contradicting something - The results are entirely consistent with our earlier research. 4. (of an argument or a set of ideas) having different parts that all agree with each other - a well-thought-out and consistent argument ## Footnote consistency (noun) consistently (adv)

Answer 39

verb /ˌɪntəˈsekt/ 1. [intransitive, transitive] (of lines, roads, etc.) to meet or cross each other - intersect (something) a pattern of intersecting streets - intersect with something 2. [transitive, usually passive] intersect something (with something) to divide an area by crossing it

Answer 40

verb /əˈspaɪə(r)/ 1. to have a strong desire to achieve or to become something - aspire (to something) She aspired to a scientific career. - aspire to be/do something He aspired to be their next leader. ## Footnote aspiration (noun) aspirational (adj)

Answer 41

verb /ˈfɜːtəlaɪz/ 1. ( to make new animal or plant life develop - After the egg has been fertilized, it will hatch in about six weeks. - Flowers are often fertilized by bees as they gather nectar. 2. to add a substance to soil to make plants grow more successfully

Answer 42

adjective /ˈfɔːməʊst/ 1. the most important or famous; in a position at the front - I'd like to introduce you to the world's foremost authority on the subject.

Answer 43

adjective /əˈbʌndənt/ 1. existing in large quantities; more than enough SYNONYM: plentiful ## Footnote abudance (noun)

Answer 44

verb /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/ 1. to recognize that there is a difference between people or things; to show a difference between people or things SYNONYM: differentiate, distinguish - discriminate (between A and B): The computer program was unable to discriminate between letters and numbers. - discriminate something: When do babies learn to discriminate voices? - discriminate A from B: A number of features discriminate this species from others. 2. [intransitive] to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way - discriminate (against somebody) | discriminate (in favour of somebody): practices that discriminate against women and in favour of men - discriminate on the grounds of something: It is illegal to discriminate on the grounds of race, gender or religion. ## Footnote discriminating (adj) discrimination (noun)

Answer 45

noun /kəʊˈhɪərəns/ 1. the situation in which all the parts of something fit together well - The points you make are fine, but the whole essay lacks coherence. ## Footnote coherent (adjective) /kəʊˈhɪərənt/ cohere (verb) /kəʊˈhɪə(r)/

Answer 46

noun /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃn/ 1. [uncountable] the state of being forced to do something because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc. - obligation to do something - under any/no obligation - I don't want people coming to see me out of a sense of obligation. - without obligation 2. [countable] something which you must do because you have promised, because of a law, etc. SYNONYM: commitment - legal/professional/financial obligations - contractual obligations. - International obligations. - obligation to do something - obligation on somebody - fulfil our obligation - meet its obligations. - obligation to/toward somebody ## Footnote obligatory (adjective) /əˈblɪɡətri/ oblige (verb) əˈblaɪdʒ/

Answer 47

verb /ɪnˈtaɪtl/ 1. [often passive] to give somebody the right to have or to do something - be entitled to something - entitle somebody to do something 2. [usually passive] to give a title to a book, play, etc. - be entitled + noun: He read a poem entitled ‘Salt’. ## Footnote entitled (adjective) /ɪnˈtaɪtld/ entitlement (noun) /ɪnˈtaɪtlmənt/

Answer 48

noun /ˈentəpraɪz/ 1. [countable] a company or business - He is in charge of an enterprise with a turnover of $26 billion. 2. [countable] a large project, especially one that is difficult SYNONYM: venture - a joint enterprise 3. [uncountable] the development of businesses by the people of a country rather than by the government 4. [uncountable] (approving) the ability to think of new projects and make them successful SYNONYM initiative

Answer 49

noun /θrɪft/ 1. (approving) the habit of saving money and spending it carefully so that none is wasted 2. a wild plant with bright pink flowers that grows by the sea

Answer 50

verb /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/ 1. underline something to draw or print a line under a word, sentence, etc. 2. to emphasize or show that something is important or true - underline something: The report underlines the importance of pre-school education. - underline how, what : Her question underlined how little she understood him. - underline that: The report underlined that the project enjoyed considerable support in both countries. - underlined that: It should be underlined that these are only preliminary findings.

Answer 51

verb /ˈvɪndɪkeɪt/ 1. vindicate something to prove that something is true or that you were right to do something, especially when other people had a different opinion SYNONYM: justify 2. vindicate somebody to prove that somebody is not guilty when they have been accused of doing something wrong or illegal; to prove that somebody is right about something ## Footnote vindication (noun) /ˌvɪndɪˈkeɪʃn/

Answer 52

noun /ˈretərɪk/ 1. (formal, often disapproving) speech or writing that is intended to influence people, but that is not completely honest or sincere the rhetoric of political slogans 2. (formal) the art of using language in speech or writing in a special way that influences or entertains people SYNONYM: eloquence, oratory ## Footnote rhetorical (adjective) /rɪˈtɒrɪkl/ rhetorician (noun) /ˌretəˈrɪʃn/

Answer 53

noun /ʌnˈrest/ 1. a political situation in which people are angry and likely to protest or fight industrial/civil/social/political/popular unrest

Answer 54

noun /trʌˈstiː/ 1. a person or an organization that has control of money or property that has been put into a trust for somebody - The bank will act as trustees for the estate until the child is 18. 2. a member of a group of people that controls the financial affairs and decides the policy of a charity or other organization the board of trustees ## Footnote trusteeship (noun) /trʌˈstiːʃɪp/

Answer 55

noun /reɪn/ 1. The period during which a king, queen, emperor, etc. rules - in/during a reign: The house was built during the reign of Henry VIII. 2. the period during which somebody is in charge of an organization, a team, etc. - Sir Alex Ferguson's reign at Manchester United

Answer 56

adjective /kənˈtɪɡjuəs/ 1. touching or next to something - contiguous with/to something: The bruising was not contiguous to the wound. ## Footnote contiguity (noun) /ˌkɒntɪˈɡjuːəti/

Answer 57

verb /ˈdenɪɡreɪt/ 1. denigrate somebody/something to criticize somebody/something unfairly; to say somebody/something does not have any value or is not important SYNONYM: belittle

Answer 58

verb /ʌpˈhəʊld/ 1. uphold something to support something that you think is right and make sure that it continues to exist - We have a duty to uphold the law. 2. uphold something (especially of a court of law) to agree that a previous decision was correct or that a request is reasonable - to uphold a conviction/an appeal/a complaint

Answer 59

noun /ˈeksaɪl/ 1. [uncountable, singular] the state of being sent to live in another country that is not your own, especially for political reasons or as a punishment a place of exile - in exile - into exile - in exile from 2. [countable] a person who chooses, or is forced, to live away from his or her own country political exiles verb 1. to force somebody to leave their country, especially for political reasons or as a punishment; to send somebody into - be exiled (from…) (to…) He was exiled to Siberia.

Answer 60

verb /blɜː(r)/ 1. [intransitive, transitive] if the shape or outline of something blurs, or if something blurs it, it becomes less clear and sharp - blur something: The mist blurred the edges of the buildings. 2. [transitive, intransitive] blur (something) if something blurs your eyes or vision, or your eyes or vision blur, you cannot see things clearly - Tears blurred her eyes. 3. [intransitive, transitive] to become or make it become difficult to recognize a clear difference between things - blur something: She tends to blur the distinction between her friends and her colleagues.

Answer 61

noun /blɜː(r)/ 1. a shape that you cannot see clearly, often because it is moving too fast - His arm was a rapid blur of movement as he struck 2. something that you cannot remember clearly The events of that day were just a blur.

Answer 62

noun /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/ 1. demonstration (against somebody/something) a public meeting or a march (= an organized walk by many people) at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting somebody/something - to take part in/go on a demonstration - to hold/stage a demonstration - mass demonstrations in support of the exiled leader 2. [countable, uncountable] an act of showing or explaining how something works or is done 3. an act of giving proof or evidence for something

Answer 63

adjective /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/ 1. (of a country, a region or an organization) able to govern itself or control its own affairs SYNONYM: independent - an autonomous republic/state/province 2. (of a person) able to do things and make decisions without help from anyone else - Teachers aim to help children become autonomous learners. 3. (also self-driving, driverless) (of a vehicle) that has the technology to drive itself without a person in control

Answer 64

adjective /əˈpəʊzd/ 1. (of a person) disagreeing strongly with something and trying to stop it - opposed to something: He was strongly opposed to modernism in art. 2. (of ideas, opinions, etc.) very different from something Our views are diametrically opposed on this issue. 3. (Idoms) as opposed to (formal) used to make a contrast between two things ## Footnote opposing (adjective) /əˈpəʊzɪŋ/ opposite (adjective) /ˈɒpəzɪt/ opposite (preposition)

Answer 65

noun /ˈtenʃn/ 1. [uncountable, countable, usually plural] a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each other, and that may cause them to attack each other - international/racial/political tensions 2. tension between A and B: situation in which the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties 3. [uncountable] a feeling of worry and stress that makes it impossible to relax - nervous tension 4. [uncountable] the feeling of fear and excitement that is created by a writer or a film director - dramatic tension 5. [uncountable] the state of being stretched tight; the extent to which something is stretched tight - muscular tension Verb 1. tension something to make a wire, sail, etc. tight and stretched

Answer 66

noun /preˈstiːʒ/ 1. the respect and value that somebody/something has because of their social position, or what they have done SYNONYM: status - personal prestige adjective 1. that brings respect and importance - a prestige job 2. admired and respected because it looks important and expensive SYNONYM: luxury ## Footnote prestigious (adjective) /preˈstɪdʒəs/

Answer 67

noun /ˈdɪsənəns/ 1. [countable, uncountable] (music) a combination of musical notes that do not sound pleasant together OPPOSITE: consonance 2. [uncountable] (formal) lack of agreement ## Footnote dissonant (adjective) /ˈdɪsənənt/

Answer 68

noun /ˈhɪkʌp/ 1. [countable] a sharp, usually repeated, sound made in the throat, that is caused by a sudden movement of the diaphragm and that you cannot control - She gave a loud hiccup. 2. [countable] hiccup (in something) (informal) a small problem or temporary delay There was a slight hiccup in the timetable. Verb 1. to have (the) hiccups or a single hiccup

Answer 69

verb /mɑːtʃ/ 1. [intransitive] to walk with stiff regular steps like a soldier + adv./prep. Soldiers were marching up and down outside the government buildings 2. [intransitive] + adv./prep. to walk somewhere quickly in a determined way She marched over to me and demanded an apology 3. [intransitive] to walk through the streets in a large group in order to protest about something 4. [transitive] march somebody + adv./prep. to force somebody to walk somewhere with you Idioms - get your marching orders: (informal) to be ordered to leave a place, a job, etc. - give somebody their marching orders: (informal) to order somebody to leave a place, their job, etc. - march to (the beat of) a different drummer/drum | march to a different beat/tune: to behave in a different way from other people; to have different attitudes or ideas

Answer 70

noun /mɑːtʃ/ 1. [countable] an organized walk by many people from one place to another, in order to protest about something, or to express their opinions 2. [countable] an act of marching; a journey made by marching 3. [singular] the march of something the steady development or forward movement of something the march of progress/technology/time 4. [countable] a piece of music written for marching to a funeral march Idoms - on the march: marching somewhere The enemy are on the march. - steal a march (on somebody): [no passive] to gain an advantage over somebody by doing something before them

Answer 71

noun /ˈsuːɪsaɪd/ 1. [uncountable, countable] the act of killing yourself deliberately - to commit suicide 2. [uncountable] a course of action that is likely to destroy your career, position in society, etc. 3. [countable] (formal) a person who commits suicide ## Footnote suicidal (adjective) /ˌsuːɪˈsaɪdl/

Answer 72

noun /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ 1 The fact of not having something that you need, like enough food, money or a home; the process that causes this - children living in poverty and deprivation

Answer 73

verb /dɪˈpraɪv/ 1. to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone: 2. deprive of (phrasal verb): deprive somebody/something of something ## Footnote deprived (adjective) /dɪˈpraɪvd/

Answer 74

verb /ˈvænɪʃ/ 1. [intransitive] to disappear suddenly and/or in a way that you cannot explain He turned around and vanished into the house. 2. [intransitive] to stop existing the vanishing woodlands of Europe Idioms 1. disappear/vanish off the face of the earth - to disappear completely Keep looking—they can't just have vanished off the face of the earth. 2. disappear, vanish, etc. into thin air - to disappear suddenly in a mysterious way - At a stroke she could make things vanish into thin air. 3. do, perform, stage a disappearing/vanishing act - (informal) to go away or be impossible to find when people need or want you

Answer 75

noun/verb /dɪsˈtrʌst/ 1. a feeling of not being able to trust somebody/something - They looked at each other with distrust. - distrust of somebody/something: He has a deep distrust of all modern technology. ## Footnote distrustful (adjective) /dɪsˈtrʌstfl/

Answer 76

adjective /ˌiːkwɪˈdɪstənt/ 1. equidistant (from something) equally far from two or more places - All points on a circle are equidistant from the centre.

Answer 77

adjective /əˈteɪnəbl/ 1. that you can achieve - attainable goals/objectives/targets ## Footnote attain (verb) /əˈteɪn/

Answer 78

adjective /ˈdespərət/ 1. feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others The prisoners grew increasingly desperate. ## Footnote desperately (adverb) /ˈdespərətli/ desperation (adjective) /ˈdespərət/

Answer 79

verb /ˈkæstɪɡeɪt/ 1. castigate somebody/something/yourself (for something) to criticize somebody/something/yourself severely -