chap 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Keq «_space;1,
A
Keq «_space;1, ∆Go is large and positive !
2
Q
catalyst
A
A catalyst ( an enzyme ) is a compound that increase the rate of a chemical reaction. They offer acceleration under mild conditions, high specificity, and the possibility for regulation. They can also increase productive collision
KNOW
- Lowers Ea
- DOES NOT alter Gibbs free energy
3
Q
Cell wall
A
extra support, and protection from osmotic swelling.
4
Q
A-T
C-G
A
A-T A: (deoxyadenylate) T: Deoxythymidylate C-G C: Deoxycytidylate G: Deoxyguanylate
5
Q
DNA is self__
A
DNA is self replicating. 1 strand of DNA replicates to create 4 new strands (AT/)CG. Each strand is complementary to the other.
6
Q
in energy coupling ATP can react directly with
A
1 metabolie that need activation OR
2 enzyme causing conformational change
7
Q
signal transduction
A
signal transduction pathway: transmits information.
8
Q
Keq»_space; 1,
A
Keq»_space; 1, ∆Go is large and negative!
9
Q
Carbonyl-Aldehyde/ ketone
both are good electrophiles
DRAW
A
R-C=O-H
R-C=O-R
10
Q
starch granules
A
temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis
11
Q
chiral
A
A carbon atom with 4 different substituents is asymmetric
12
Q
Plasmodesma
(ONLY in Plants)
A
provides path between 2 plants–similar to gap junctions in animal
13
Q
chloroplast
A
harvest sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates
14
Q
Some ways to classify light?
A
Sources of energy and carbon
15
Q
Cell envelope ( structure varies dependent on type of Bacteria )
A
Gram Positive : has NO outer membrane
16
Q
Mitochondria
A
powerhouse of cell. Oxidizes fuels to produce ATP.
17
Q
Monovalent Cations (mono =1) metal ions important role in metabolism
A
Na+ K+
18
Q
What does nuclear envelop do?
A
segregates chromatin from cytoplasm
19
Q
divalent cations metal ions
important role in metabolism
A
Mg++, Ca++, Zn ++, Fe++
20
Q
Energy input maintains
why do we consume energy
A
complex structures and DYNAMIC steady state AWAY from Equilibrium
-if you reach equilibrium your DEAD
21
Q
Thylakoids (ONLY in Plants)
A
site of light driven ATP synthesis (light rxn)
22
Q
Central dogma
A
Central dogma: DNA(houses info has plan)→RNA(transmit messeages)→Protein(does all work)
23
Q
Biomolecules are (what element) based?
A
biomolecules are carbon based .
24
Q
Golgi
A
packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export.
25
feedback infhibition
negative regulation
occurs when the end product of a reaction interferes with the enzyme that helped produce it. ... The enzyme then changes its shape and can't catalyze the reaction anymore. This type of inhibition is done as a regulatory mechanism to meet the metabolic needs of the cell or organism.
products of last enzyme in pathway inhibits the first
26
Keq
Keq =tendency of a reaction to proceed to completion= [C][D][A][B]
27
Smooth ER
the site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism
28
nucleus
contains genes (chromatin= dna+protein) aka chromosomes
29
How does carbon bond?
single, double, triple bonds
COVALENTBONDS
bonding dictates bond angles
30
what two ways do enzymes speed up reactions
(1) by coupling an unfavorable reaction with a highly favorable one, and (2) Lowering the activation barrier by catalysis
- if you have a slow rxn you can couple it with a fast one
31
solutions that have the ability to rotate plane-polarized light are
optically active
32
Hydrolyzing ATP does what
drives rxn
hydrolysis is favored because atp concentration is higher than ADP in the cell !!
33
Related reactions form pathway
A series of related reactions. The product of one reaction becomes the reactant to the next reaction. These pathways are also controlled in order to regulate (negative/positive regulation) levels of metabolites so that a product can act as an inhibitor to prevent the continuous forward direction of the reaction.
34
Ribosomes (bacteria)
Free floating , function: (same as in eukaryotes) protein synthesis fromRNA messenger
35
HOW MANY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DOES ACYTYL COA HAVE?
LOOK UP STRUCTURE
Acetyl CoA for example has 8 functional groups on it!
36
BreakDOWN of metabolites release energy so it is
exergonic
-It is thermodynamically Favorable ∆Go <0.
37
all life requires wha two things?
energy and carbon
38
Phototrophs
derive energy from light
39
Pili
provide adhesion to surface of other cells
40
Enantomers interaction with plan-polarized light. In SEPERATE solutions, two enantiomers rotate the plane of plan polarized light in what direction?
opposite!!
41
What is the site of rRNA synthesis
NucleOLUS
42
Purpose of chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions
allowing otherwise unfavorable reaction to proceed.
43
HOW does ATP hydrolysis drive rxn?
When you hydrolyze atp, the phosphate is removed and added to the enzyme which cause ACTIVATION , two negative charges CHANGE conformation whic allows it to DRIVE the RXN
44
steroisomers that ARE NOT mirror images are called
diastereomers
-nonsuperimposable
45
Rough ER
the site of most protein synthesis
46
function of molecules depend on
3D shape and func group
47
What do peroxisomes do ?
oxidize fatty acids
oxidize long chain fatty acids into medium chains so that the medium chains can go into the mitochondria for beta oxidation -KNOW
-
48
Carboxylate/hydroxyl/enol
ENOL--Ene=( DOUBLE BOND) AND ol-OH
R-C=OO-
R-OH
R-HCOH=CH2
49
Example of exergonic
Rmemeber products are higher than reactants !
ATP, NADH, and NADPH can be synthesized using the energy from sunlight and fuels= celluar concentration is WAY HIGHER then equilibrium making it neg product /reactants
ATP can be hydroylzed to ADP or AMP
hydroylsis is exergonic
50
achiral
Does not have 4 different groups
-usully will either have 2 of the same like 2Hs or a double bonded group like O
51
Ribosomes (animal)
on RER and also free in cystol - protein sysnthesizer
52
What are the three types of cytoskeleton
1-actin
2-microtubules
3-intermediate filaments
function to support cell/ aid in movement of organelles
53
Geometric isomer= cis/trans
| Steroisomer
differ in the arrangement of their substituent groups with respect to a nonrotating double bond. These are not mirror images.
Cis: groups on the same side of dbl bond
Trans: groups on opposite side of the dbl bond.
54
What is a nucleoid ?
Portion of a bacteria cell which is undefined area of single, simple, log circular DNA molecules
55
Chemotrophs
derive energy from Oxidation of CHEMICAL FUELS
56
Natural selection favors
Mutations! They occur randomly, but mutations that confer advantage are typically propagated.
57
ETHER/ ESTER
R-O-R
| R-C(O)-O-R
58
Steroisomers
several types
non-superimposable (cannot over lap) images of each other.
| -same chemical bond diff configuration
59
Flagella
propel cell through surrounding
60
Difference between gram + and - in bacteria
Remember gram is a stain!
Gram positive
NO outer membrane
THICKER peptidoglycan layer, which is why it stains violet
Gram negative
- has outer membrane
- thin peptidoglycan layer- so does NOT retain violet color stain
61
steroisomers that ARE mirror images are called
enantiomer
-nonsuperimposable
62
Metabolic rxn that REQUIRES energy is
endergonic
It is thermodynamically unfavorable
∆Go >0.
Creating order requires work and energy
=order is NOT a good thing
63
Methyl / Ethyl / Phenyl
| DRAW
R-CH3
R-CH2-CH3
R-CONJUGATED RING
64
is an equimolar solution of 2 enantiomers (a racemic mixture) optically active?
NO shows no optical rotation
65
∆Go ?
∆Go = standard free energy (constant)
∆G = ∆Go – RT ln Keq
∆G =0, you are at equilibrium. That is when [A]i = [A]eq
66
What are the six kingdoms bases on cellular organizlation
Archea, bacteria, protista (unicellular eukaryote), Fungi ( multi/uni celluar eukaryote ), plante, animila
67
Three domains of life, and what are they based on
Bacteria Archea, and Eukarya. Based on rRNA. Create phylogenetic tree'
68
Cell envelope unique to _
Bacteria. Its sturucture can vary based on type of bacteria . Gram + ot -
69
where are ribiosomes synthesized in eukarotic cell?
Nucleoulous
70
what happenes f organisms reach equilibrium
DEATH
71
Organotrophs
Organic fuel oxidized for energy, humans are organotrouphs , type of CHEMOTROPH
72
Lithotrophs
INORGANIC food, type of CHEMOTROPH
73
autrophs / heterotrops
auto- carbon from co2 (plants) Hetero--carbon from organic coubounds( green/purple bacteria both are tyes of PHOTOTROPHS
74
what is a nucleoid ?
Bacterial cellular sturucture that contains DNA not Chromatin --- the nucleus contains chromatin
75
Site of protein synthisis ?
Rough ER!! Not nucluolous, Ribosomes are synthesiszed there
76
Where are fatty acids oxidized?
In periOXsomones, they break down long fatty acid chains through beta oxidation into MEDIUM chains which eventually enter mitochondria!!
77
Which element is not divalent? Na Ca Zn Fe
Na, group ! Metal
78
Def. of covalent bond
shared
79
can a double bond rotate around double bond axis?
NO
80
Carboxylate is the ___ of carboxlyic acid
con base
81
Enzyme stabalize ___ state
transition state
82
why would a rxn be ENDERGONIC
the products free energy is higher then the reactions free energy, rxn is thermodynaically unfavorable, energy barrier is too HIGH, rxn is kinetically stable
83
why would a rxn be EXERGONIC
products are unstable so your not gonna go toward them, thermodynamically FAVORABLE , break down metabolites which releases energy,
84
how EXACTLY can endergonic and exergonic reactions be COUPLED !!
1. phosphrylation of enzyme or substrate. 2. Adenylation of enzyme or substrate-
85
4 types of nonconvalent interactions
ionic, dipole (partial charge), van der waals( all atoms have vander walls, hydrophobic ( ordering of WATER molecules around around nonpolar substances ) effect
86
Charge of hydrogen atom in water ?
it is PARTICALLY CHARGES
87
why does water have a high bp
because it is both a hydrogen donor and acceptor. WATER can for 4 hydrogen bonds
88
in Hydrogen bonds oxygens can be found on
4 sp3 orbitals , 2 for covalent bonds between oxygenans 2 for hydrogen atoms, two repaining pairs are NON bonding
