Chap 1: anatomy neuro anatomy and physiology of speech mech Flashcards

(62 cards)

0
Q

Respiration structures (6)

A
lungs
bronchi
trachea
spinal column
sternum
Rib cage
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1
Q

Define: respiration, phonation, resonation as applies to SLP

A

Resp: energy for speech
Phon: voicing and structures create voice
Reson: voice or laryngeal tone that is modified by supra laryngeal cavitities and structures

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2
Q

Respiratory patterns during speech production

A

Inspiration -> brings oxygen to blood
Expiration -> rid of air/gas from resp metabolism
When CO2 excess -> need O2 medulla mess 2 Resp muscles
Inspir: exchange O2 & CO2 -

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3
Q

How do we inspire and expire?

A
  1. Diaphragm & Resp muscles expand ribs&lungs inhale air
    Lungs expand -> pressure w/in lungs compared 2 outside lungs is reduced -> air moves lungs =izing pressures in & out lungs
  2. Contract reduce chest -> + press w/in lungs, exhalation
  3. Exhale vf vibrate 4 speech -> depending sit maybe longer or deeper
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4
Q

Explain inhalation

A

Inhalation -> chest and lungs expand -> diaphragm lowers-> air flows in nose/mouth -> air goes down pharynx and btw open VF -> air continues downward towards trachea and bronchial tubes -> air reaches lungs

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5
Q

Lungs

A

Exchange gas in Resp in lungs
Rich vascular supply and numerous air sacs
@ Rest inflated 2 40% capacity
Rt lung shorter, broader and bigger bc liver pushes upward

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6
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes that extend from lungs to trachea
Cartilaginous rings bound by fibroelastic tissue
Bronchi subdivide into BRONCHIOLES
They both divide & bc less cartilaginous & more muscular
Divide until very thin & communicate w/ alveolar ducts ( air sacs)

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7
Q

What is trachea and function?

A

Inhale air goes through larynx to trachea and lungs (expand)
- rings incomplete in back and direct contact w/ esophagus
Cricoid cart connects with 1st trach ring( bigger)
- trach extends from larynx @ 6th vertebra, last ring splits ( bifurcates) into L&R primary bronchi @ 5th thoracic vertebra

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8
Q

What is the spinal column?

A

32-33 individual vertebra (5) segments

  • 7 cervical vertebrae ( C1-C7)
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae ( T1-T12)
  • 5 lumbar (L1-L5 )
  • 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae fussed together

Thoracic attach 2 ribs
Lumbar R large and suitable for weight barring

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9
Q

What is sternum and it’s function?

A

(breastbone) located superior - anterior thoracic wall
3 parts:
MANUBRIUM : uppermost - attach clavicle and 1st rib
BODY (corpus)- long&narrow ribs2-7
Xiphoid process- small cartilaginous structure @ Btm of sternum

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10
Q

What are structures of rib cage & function

A

12 pairs of ribs form cylindrical structure
Rib cage holds&protects heart and lungs
structures :
Sternum anterior surface
12 thoracic vertebrae in posterior surface
12 pairs ribs connect 2 vertebrae & costal cartilage

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11
Q

Briefly describe three structures that are key to adequate respiration. What is the role of each structure?

A
Lungs 
Bronchi 
Trachea
Spinal column 
Sternum 
Rib cage
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12
Q

Muscles of respiration

A
Thoracic muscles if inspiration 
- diaphragm 
-Abdomen 
-Intercostal 
- serratus posterior superior 
- levator costarum brevis/longis 
- external intercostal 
Abdominal muscles of expiration 
Pectoralis major/minor 
Serratus anterior 
Levator scapulae
Rhomboideus major/minor 
Internal/innermost intercostal 
Transversus thoracicus 
P
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13
Q

Thoracic muscles of inspiration (5) part one

A

-diaphragm (C3-5)
Distended abdomen, enlarges vert dim of thorax, depress central tendon of diaphragm
-Abdomen
Holds liver kidney intestines & muscle
-Intercostal
11 paired internal pull ribs down decrease dia thoracic cavity 4 exhale, 11 paired internal raise ribs up

ELEVATE RIBS;

  • serratus posterior superior ( C7, T1-T4)
  • levator costarum brevis/longis (T2-T-12)
  • external intercostal (T2-T11)
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14
Q

Thoracic muscles of inspiration part 2

6

A

Accessory muscles of the neck- sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid : elevates sternum &rib cage
Trapezius: control head and neck
Muscles of shoulder and upper arm:
Pectoralis major/minor C4-T1- + Transverse dim of rib cage by elevate sternum
Serratus anterior C5-C7 : elevates ribs 1-9

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15
Q

Muscles of respiration part 3 (6)

A

Levator scapulae (C3-C5) elevates scapula- support neck
Rhomboideius major/minor (C5) stabilizes shoulder girdle
Internal/innermost intercostal T2- T11
Depresses ribs 1-11
Transverse thoracicus T2-T6
Depress ribs 2-6

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16
Q

ABdominal muscles of expiration (5)

A
Latissimus dorsi (C6-C8) 
Stable post abdm wall 4 expir
Rectus abdominus (T7-T12) flexes vertebrae column 
Transversus abdominis(T7-T12) compress abdomen 
Internal oblique abdominis (T7-T12) compress abdomen flex & rotate trunk 
Quadratus lumborum (T12, L1-L4) supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction
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17
Q

Summary of respiration

A

Respiration exchange gas between organism and environment - necessary for life & foundation of speech

Framework supports muscles necessary 4 Resp ( 2 main categories - thoracic (inspiration) abdominal (expiration)

Resp foundation and energy for phonation

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18
Q

Phonation structures and process

A

Voice box - top of trachea houses VF - vibrate=speech
Intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles necessary

Cortical areas, cerebellum, CN
V II- X
Structures: Lungs, larynx (valving mech open and closes) , VF

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19
Q

VF ADDUCTION VS ABDUCTION

A

Adduct ( toward midline)
Abduct ( away from midline )
VF abducted

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20
Q

Larynx biological functions (3)

A

(A) closure of trachea so food and other substances don’t enter lungs
(B) production cough reflex 2 expel foreign material in trachea
(C) closure of the VF build subglottic pressure necessary for physical exertion and lifting heavy items

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21
Q

Laryngeal structures and cartilages

A

Larynx -> suspended U shape hyoid bone
Hyoid bone: floats between mandible and jaw) muscles of tongue and mandible, skull, larynx attached to hyoid
Epiglottis: protective structure - leaf shaped cartilage medial thyroid cartilage & hyoid - swallow drops and protects oropharynx
Thyroid, Artenoid, cricoid cartilages
Cornice late cartilages

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22
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilages ? (5)

A

Thyroid cartilage - anterior and lateral walls of larynx & protects larynx
Cricoid cartilage - uppermost trach ring surrounds trachea
Artenoid cartilage - small pyramid-shape connect 2 cricoid- sliding and circular movements
Corniculate cartilages : apex of Artenoid, reduce laryngeal opening during swallow
Cuneiform : stiffen or tense aryepiglottic folds

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23
Q

What are Intrinsic laryngeal muscles and innervation ?

A
Thyroartenoid 
Internal thyroidartenoid
Lateral cricoaryrenoid 
Transverse thyroartenoid 
Oblique thyroartenoid 
Cricothyroid 

ALL INNERVATED BY CN X

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24
What are the functions of the Intrinsic laryngeal muscles ? (6)
Thyroartenoid - main muscle vibrates & produces sound Internal thyroidartenoid- adducts VFs increases medial compression Lateral cricoaryrenoid - ADDUCT Transverse thyroartenoid - ADDUCT Oblique thyroartenoid - apex of Artenoid medially Cricothyroid - ABDUCTS
25
What is the main muscle of the VFs
THYROARTENOID (CN X)
26
Which muscles ADDUCT and ABDUCT VFS?
ADDUCT : lateral cricoaryrenoid, transverse Artenoid ABDUCT : posterior cricoaryrenoid
27
What is the main function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles ?
Support larynx, fix position Attach w/in larynx and out larynx All attach 2 hyoid and lower/raise position of larynx w/in neck
28
What are the elevators of the laryngeal muscles and their innervation?
``` Digastric (V,VII) Geniohyoid ( XII, C1) Mylohyoid V STYLOHYOID VII Hypoglossal XII Genioglossus XII ``` V- tri, VII - facial, X - vagus, XII - hypo
29
What are the depressors of the laryngeal muscles and their innervation?
Thyrohyoid XII Omohyoid C1-3 Sternothyroid C1-3 Sternohyoid C1-3
30
What are the three layers of the vocal folds?
``` Epithelium (outer cover) Lamina propria ( middle layer) Vocalis Muscle ( body, most stability and mass to VF) ```
31
What are the two other pairs of folds and function ?
Aryepiglottic folds - seperate larynx from pharynx & preserve airway Ventricular VF; false VF - vibrate low F0 freq and not usually during phonation- coughing and heavy lifting
32
What is the myloelastic-aerodynamic theory?
VF vibrate because forces of pressure & air and elasticity of VF More: air flowing out of lungs temp stopped by closed VF, subglottic pressure-> blow apart and set into vibration Air moves with + velocity through glottic opening, air moves swiftly through open/constricted VF, pressure between edges of VF - and VF sucked together
33
What is the Bernoulli effect?
Increased speed of air passing between VFs and sucking motion of the VF towards each other Subglottic pressure builds and sets VF into motion- cycle of opening and closing of VFs cycle is repeated more than 100X per second during vocalizations
34
What is the mucosal wave action?
Cover and transition produce a wave -> wave travels across surface VF 2/3 to lateral edge, wave dissipates before reaching thyroid cartilage edge Without muscosal wave no vibration and no pathology The cover( epithelium and superficial Lamina propria) or reinkes space and transition (intermediate and deep layers of Lamina propria) over Vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave VF stripped to remove nodules and may not vibrate due to alteration in mucsosal wave
35
Neuroanatomy of Vocal Mech - Cortical Areas
``` Responsible for speech-motor control ( phonation) Primary motor cortex ( area 4) Broca's area ( 44) Somatosensory cortex ( 3,2,1) Supplementary motor cortex ( 6) ```
36
Neuroanatomy of Vocal Mech - Cerebellum
Regulates motor movement Control speech movement Coordination of laryngeal muscles 4 phonation Executive function of speech systems (respiration)
37
Neuroanatomy of Vocal Mech - Cranial nerves
Facial VII - diagastric Vagus X - innervates larynx SNL - Superior laryngeal nerve ; internal sensory of larynx Because external cricothyroid RNL - sensory info below the VFs and all motor inner interarytenoid, post cricoaryrenoid, thyroartenoid, lateral cricoaryrenoid
38
Summary of phonatory system
Air lungs - trachea - larynx - sets VFs into motion - voicing Key structures & cartilages protect larynx & aid in vocalizations Two sets: intrinsic & extrinsic laryngeal muscles both attach w/in larynx (extrinsic attach outside also) Myloelastic-aerodynamic theory and Bernoulli explain physiology of phonation Mucosal wave critical 4 VF vibration Key neuro- cortical areas, cerebellum, and CN XII (facial) & X (vagus)
39
Intro resonation and articulation: structures and processes
Respiration energy 4 voicing, tone travels past larynx resonated by different structures - pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity - tone shaped and modified by artic and structures and depends on innervation of structures
40
What are the key structures in articulation ?
``` Pharynx Soft palate Hard palate Mandible Teeth Tongue Lips Cheeks ```
41
What is resonation?
process tone modified when some freq dampened and others enhanced Resonators that shape tone: pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity
42
Fundamentals of resonation: pharynx
Part of upper airway, shape and size depend on pos of tongue and neck ( high or low)
43
Fundamentals of resonation: nasal cavity, velum, oral cavity
Nasal sounds - depend on velum Velum relaxed and down coupling of two cavities Velum: closed for most phonemes- makes contact with posterior pharyngeal wall (uncoupled) Oral: through source-filter alters sound productions
44
What is the source-filter theory?
Vocal tract is linked tubes (oral, nasal, pharynx) - variation in cavity produce speech Source (VFs) modified by filter or vocal tract Vowel: source phonation and consonants: source turbulence or friction or combo turbulence and voicing
45
What is articulation?
Connection moveable parts or joining 2 elements - or act of saying something clearly ``` Structures; pharynx Soft palate Hard palate Mandible Teeth Tongue Lips Cheeks ```
46
What are the three segments of the pharyngeal cavity and their functions?
Laryngopharynx- superior 2 larynx ends base of tongue Oropharynx- extends up soft palate and connects to .... Nasopharnx - ends where 2 nasal cavities begin Laryn and oro add resonance 2 sounds produced by larynx Nasal only adds resonance to nasals
47
What is the pharyngeal plexus?
Formed by joining cranial nerves X (vagus) and (accessory) XI - supplies upper pharyngeal musculature
48
Muscles of the pharynx and innervation (6)
- most INNERVATED by pharyngeal plexus and vagus 1. Salpingopharyngeus (X,XI) Elevates pharyn wall 2. Stylopharyngeus (IX) Elevates & open pharynx 3. Superior pharyngeal constrictor (X,XI) constricts dia, pulls wall forward 4. Middle pharyngeal constrictor(X,XI) narrows diameter of pharynx 5. Cricopharyngeus(inf phar const) (X,XI) narrows diameter pharynx 6. Thyropharyngeus ( inf phar const) reduce diameter Lower pharynx
49
What is the soft palate and it's function?
AKA velum- flexible structure hangs at hard palate roof (oropharynx/nasopharynx) UVULA- tip of velum cone shape Velum can be lowered or raised and pharynx moved inward - sphincter like motion closes nasal port - VP CLOSURE NASAL SPEECH- when muscle isn't working in velum
50
What are the muscles of the velum and their function? (4)
``` 1. Levator veli palatini (X,XI) Primary elevator velum 2. Tensor veli palatini (V) Tenses velum dilates Eustachian tube 3. Palatoglossus (X,XI) Elevates and depresses velum 4. Palatopharyngeus (X,XI) Narrows pharyn cavity, lowers velum assists in elevating larynx ```
51
What are the structure of hard palate and how it develops ?
- bony hard roof part of maxilla - front portion - premaxilla(incisors) - palatine process : maxillary bone fuses during fetal stage - alveolar process outer edges: molar, bicuspid, cuspid teeth - premaxilla may fail to fuse with maxillary bone causing cleft in utero - maxillary bone joins palatine bone attaches 2 soft palate
52
What is the mandible and it's structures?
Lower jaw-> lowers teeth forms floor mouth, formed by fusion of two bones @ midpoint in chin Alveolar arch-> houses teeth Temporomandibular joint- mandible to skull Elevator and depressor muscles
53
What are the Elevators of mandible and their innervation?
Masseter (V) - elevates mandible Temporalis (V) - elevates, pulls back Medial ptyergoid (V) - elevates Lateral ptyergoid (V) - protrudes
54
What are the Depressors of mandible and their innervation?
Anterior belly of diagastric (V) depress mandible w/post belly diag; pulls hyoid forward Posterior belly diagastric (VII) depress with anterior belly - pulls hyoid back Geniohyoid (XII, C1) depress mandible Mylohyoid (V) depress mandible
55
List three pharyngeal muscles, three soft palate muscles, and three mandibular muscles that are key in articulation!
Good luck with that!
56
Explain different teeth and their function
- Lower dental arch - mandible / upper dental arch maxilla : mastication & production sounds (f,v) - Deciduous teeth 6-9mons baby (20) 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molar Adult 32teeth-16 arch, 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolars, 6 molar Occlusion bite down symmetrical & malocclusion deviation in positioning teeth when bite down
57
What are parts of the tongue and function?
Need for k,ing, S -constrict air friction Tip; thinnest most flexible Blade: behind tip - inferior alveolar ridge Dorsum: large part contacts hard/soft palate Root: back bottom portion of the tongue Lingual frenulum- connects mandible to inferior portion of tongue Intrinsic and extrinsic Muscles - CNXII
58
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue (4)
All by CNXII Superior longitudinal muscle: shortens, tip up, lateral Inferior longitudinal muscle: shortens tip down - retracts Transverse - narrow and elongate Vertical - flatten
59
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue(5)
Genioglossus- bulk of tongue, can retract, down, protrude tip, depress between teeth Styloglossus- draws up, back, sides up to make dorsum concave Hyoglossus: retracts and depress tongue Chondroglossus: depress the tongue Palatoglossus: muscle Of the velum elevates the tongue
60
Muscles of the face part one
All CNVII Mentalis - lower lip out, elevate chin Platysma- depress man Risorius- retract corner lips Buccinator - constrict oropharynx, food to molars for grinding Depressor labii inferiroris- lip down Depressor Anguli oris- lips together, depress corner lips
61
Muscles of the face part two
Zygomatic minor: elevate lower lip Zygomatic minor: retract elevate angle of mouth Orbicularis oris: lips together, seals, insertion for muscles, facial expressions Levator Anguli oris: corner mouth up and medial Levator Angulis superioris ; elevates lips Levator Anguli superioris alaeque nasi; elevates