Chap 12: Organic Compounds Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What does an organic compound always contain?
A
C-H bonds
may contain nonmetal i.e. O, S, N, P, halogen
2
Q
What are the typical properties of organic compounds?
A
covalent bonds
low MP/BP
flammable - undergo combustion
not water soluble
3
Q
What are the typical properties of inorganic compounds?
A
high MP/BP
usually water soluble
most don’t burn in air
4
Q
Which compounds have mostly ions?
A
inorganic
5
Q
Which compounds contain most metals and nonmetals?
A
inorganic
6
Q
Which compounds contain mostly nonmetals?
A
organic
7
Q
Which compounds are mostly covalently bonded?
A
organic
8
Q
Which compounds are ionicly bonded?
A
inorganic
9
Q
Which compounds have low melting points?
A
organic
10
Q
Which compounds have high melting points?
A
inorganic
11
Q
Which compounds have low boiling points?
A
organic
12
Q
Which compounds have high boiling points?
A
inorganic
13
Q
Which compounds have high flammability?
A
organic
14
Q
Which compounds have low flammability?
A
inorganic
15
Q
Which compounds are usually water soluble?
A
inorganic
16
Q
Which compounds are usually no water soluble?
A
organic
17
Q
When are inorganic compounds not water soluble?
A
when they are nonpolar
18
Q
When can organic compounds be water soluble?
A
when a polar group is present
19
Q
When is a hydrocarbon saturated?
A
when all bonds present are single bonds
20
Q
What are the IUPAC names for the first 10 alkanes?
A
methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane
21
Q
Can alkanes rotate and thus have different shapes?
A
yes
can have different angles
22
Q
What allows alkanes to rotate?
A
their single C-C bonds
23
Q
What are the different arrangements of alkanes called?
A
conformations
24
Q
Cycloalkanes differ from straight chained alkanes how?
A
cyclical
have 2 less H
use prefix cyclo
25
When is a substituent?
a side group attached to a carbon chain
26
When can a substituent be attached to an alkane?
when it has 4+ C atoms
27
What is a structural isomer?
same molecular formula with different arrangement/order
28
What are the isomer names of propane?
propyl
| isopropyl
29
What does propyl looks like?
straight carbon chain
| substituent attached to C1
30
What does isopropyl look like?
substituent attached at C2
31
What are the isomer names of butane?
butyl
isobutyl
sec-butyl
tert-butyl
32
What does butyl look like?
straight chain
| substitutent attached to C1
33
What does isobutyl look like?
methyl group c attached to C2
| other substituents attached to C1
34
What does sec-butyl look like?
straight chain
| substituents attached at C2
35
What does tert-butyl look like?
central carbon surrounded by three methyl groups and an H or substituent
36
How to name alkanes with substituents?
```
name alkane with longest chain
number atoms (alway have substituents w/ lowest C#)
give location and name for each substituent
```
37
How to name with halogen and alkyl groups?
halogens are put before the alkyl group and in alphabetical order if more than one.
alkyl group is a prefix to the base name
if more than one alkyl group add prefix di, tri, tetra, etc
38
Which alkanes are gases at room temp?
1-4 carbons
| methane, ethane, propane, butane
39
Which alkanes are highly volatile liquids at room temp?
5-8 carbons
40
Which alkanes are liquids with higher boiling points at room temp?
9-17 carbons
41
Which alkanes are paraffins, waxy solids at room temp?
18+ carbons
42
Which group has the lowest MP/BP of all organic compounds?
alkanes
43
Why do alkanes have the lowest MP/BP of all organic compounds?
they have nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds
| have only weak dispersion forces in solid/liquid state
44
Branched alkanes have what MP/BP compared to straight chained alkanes?
lower
45
Why do branched alkanes have lower MP/BP?
tend to be more compact (reduce points of contact b/w molecules)
not linear so can't line up close each other
46
Cycloalkanes have what MP/BP compared to straight chained alkanes with same number of carbons?
higher
47
Why do cycloalkanes have higher MP/BP?
limited rotation of C bonds
maintain rigid structure (stacked closely together) giving them many points of contact and attractions to each other
48
List alkanes from highest to lowest MP/BP?
cycloalkanes
straight alkanes
branched alkanes
49
What is needed for the combustion of alkanes?
oxygen
50
What is produced from the combustion of alkanes?
CO2
H2O
energy
51
Are alkanes more or less dense than water?
less dense
52
Are alkanes soluble in water?
no
53
Are alkanes flammable in air?
yes, because O is present
54
What are alkenes?
carbon chain with double bond
55
What are alkynes?
carbon chain with triple bond
56
Why can't methane have an alkene or alkyne form?
a C-C double or triple bond must be present and methane only has one C
57
What is the arrangement of alkenes?
trigonal planar
58
What is the arrangement for alkynes?
linear
59
What is the arrangement for alkanes?
tetrahedral
60
How to name alkenes?
replace -ane with -ene
61
How to name alkynes?
replace -ane with -yne
62
Steps for naming alkenes/alkynes?
name logest C chain
number so smallest # is nearer the double/triple bond
give location and name of substituents
63
When naming cycloalkenes do you have to but the C# where the double bond is, why?
No, it is assumed the double bond is between C1 and C2
64
When are cis-trans isomers possible? why?
in alkenes
| double bond makes it rigid and can't rotate so groups can attach to different C atoms on each side of the double bond
65
Can cis-trans isomers occur when two groups are the same one on one of the carbons?
no, they must be on different carbons
66
Naming cis-trans isomers?
use prefix cis or trans in front of the alkene
| e.g. cis-1,2-dibromoethene
67
What are the addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes?
hydrogenation
hydration
polymerization
68
What are the reactants, catalyst and product of hydrogenation?
alkene + H2
Pt, Ni, or Pd
Alkane
69
What are the reactants, catalyst, and product of hydration?
alkene + H2O
H+ (strong acid)
alcohol
70
What are the reactants, catalyst, and product of polymerization?
alkenes
higher temp/press
polymer
71
What happens with elements in hydrogenation?
H atoms replace the double/triple bond
add H2 (2H) for double bond to make alkene an alkane
add 2H2 (4H) for triple bond to make alkyne and alkane
72
What happens with elements in hydration?
alkene reacts with water (H-OH) to make alcohol
the H from water forms a bond on C double bond with more H atoms
the OH forms a bond on second C or double bond with fewer H atoms
73
What is Markovnikov's rule?
when H2O and alkene react H goes to C with more H atoms and OH goes to C with less H atoms
74
What is a polymer?
a large molecule that consists of small repeating units called monomers
75
What are some properties of polymers?
unreactive
don't decompose easily
not biodegradable
significant contributor to pollution
76
What is benzene?
aromatic compound
C6H6
ring structure with alternating double bonds
77
What is a benzene with a methyl group attached called (not IUPAC)?
toluene
78
What is a benzene with a anime group attached called (not IUPAC)?
aniline
79
What is a benzene with a hydroxyl group attached called (no IUPAC)?
phenol
80
How to name aromatic compounds if it is the substituent?
if a benzene ring is a substituent it is named as a phenyl group
e.g. 3-phenyl-1-butene
81
How to name aromatic compounds if it has a substituent?
same prefixes as before attached to benzene
e.g. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
if only one substituent don't need to number the C
82
Compare to cyclic alkanes with the same number of carbons what is the MP/BP of aromatic compounds?
higher MP/BP
83
List densities from least dense to most dense of aromatic compounds, other hydrocarbons, and water?
hydrocarbons
aromatic compounds
water
holgenated benzene
84
Are aromatic hydrocarbons soluble in water?
no
85
When can an aromatic compound be soluble in water?
when it contain the highly polar -OH or -COOH
