CHAP 14

Question 1

Microbes live with their hosts in

Answer 1

Symbiotic relationships

Question 2

both members benefit;

Answer 2

Mutualism

Question 3

a parasite benefits while the host is harmed.

Answer 3

Parasitism

Question 4

one member is harmed while the second is neither harmed nor helped

Answer 4

Amensalism

Question 5

more rarely, in which one member benefits while the other is relatively unaffected.

Answer 5

Commensalism

Question 6

Any parasite that causes disease is called ?

Answer 6

Pathogen

Question 7

Organisms making up the ________ live in and on the body.

Answer 7

Microbiome

Question 8

Microbes comes from two different microbiota, identify.

Answer 8

resident microbiota, whereas others are transient microbiota.

Question 9

cause disease when the immune system is suppressed

Answer 9

Opportunistic Pathogens

Question 10

It is affected by certain changes in the body, or when
a member of the normal microbiome is introduced into an area of the body unusual for that microbe.

Answer 10

microbial antagonism (microbial competition).

Question 11

Living and nonliving continuous sources of infectious disease are called

Answer 11

reservoirs of infection.

Question 12

Animal reservoirs harbor agents
of_______, which are diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animal or its waste products or via an arthropod. Humans may be asymptomatic carriers.

Answer 12

Zoonoses

Question 13

are inanimate objects, including soil, water, and food.

Answer 13

Nonliving reservoirs of infection

Question 14

refers to the mere presence of microbes in or on the body or object.

Answer 14

Microbial contamination

Question 15

Microbial contaminants include harmless resident and transient members of the microbiome as well as pathogens, which after a successful invasion cause an?

Answer 15

Infection

Question 16

Portals of entry of pathogens into the body include skin, mucous membranes, and the placenta. These portals may be bypassed via what route? by which microbes are directly deposited into deeper tissues.

Answer 16

Parenteral route

Question 17

Pathogens attach to cells is a process called?

Answer 17

Adhesion

Question 18

variety of structures or attachment proteins called

Answer 18

Adhesion Factors

Question 19

Some bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make adhesion factors called.

Answer 19

Adhesins

Question 20

Some bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make adhesion factors that become?

Answer 20

Avirulent

Question 21

Some bacteria interact to produce a sticky web of cells and poly- saccharides called what that adheres to a surface.

Answer 21

Biofilm

Question 22

What is the other term for disease?

Answer 22

Morbidity

Question 23

is a condition sufficiently adverse to interfere with normal functioning of the body.

Answer 23

Disease/Morbidity

Question 24

are subjectively felt by a patient.

Answer 24

Symptoms

Question 25

an outside **observer** can observe what?

Answer 25

Signs

Question 26

a group of symptoms and signs that **collectively characterizes** a particular abnormal condition.

Answer 26

Syndrome

Question 27

These infections **may go unnoticed** because of the absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease.

Answer 27

Asymptomatic or Subclinical

Question 28

the study of the cause of a disease.

Answer 28

Etiology

Question 29

Nineteenth-century microbiologists proposed what

Answer 29

Germ theory of disease

Question 30

**Robert Koch** developed a series of essential conditions called what to *prove the cause of infectious diseases.*

Answer 30

Koch’s postulates

Question 31

It is a microorganism’s **ability to cause disease**.

Answer 31

Pathogenicity

Question 32

measure of pathogenicity

Answer 32

Virulence

Question 33

What are adhesion factors, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors, affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease.

Answer 33

Virulence Factors

Question 34

is the presence in the blood of poisons called **toxins**.

Answer 34

Toxemia

Question 35

They are *secreted by pathogens into their environment.*

Answer 35

Exotoxins

Question 36

are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can have **fatal effects.**

Answer 36

Endotoxins

Question 37

The toxic portion of LPS is the lipid, called what?

Answer 37

Lipid A

Question 38

are **antibodies** the host forms against exotoxins.

Answer 38

Antitoxins

Question 39

The disease process the stages of infectious diseases typically consists of what?

Answer 39

incubation prodromal illness decline convalescence. IPIDC

Question 40

What portal such as the *nose, mouth, and urethra*, allow pathogens to **leave the body** and are of interest in studying the spread of disease.

Answer 40

Portals of Exit

Question 41

infectious diseases involves person-to-person **spread by body contact**.

Answer 41

Direct contact transmission

Question 42

Transmission of pathogens via inanimate objects (called **fomites**) is called?

Answer 42

Indirect contact transmission

Question 43

occurs when **pathogens travel less than 1 meter in droplets** of mucus to a new host as a result of speaking, coughing, or sneezing.

Answer 43

Droplet transmission

Question 44

involves **airborne, waterborne, and foodborne** transmission.

Answer 44

Vehicle Transmission

Question 45

are **clouds of water droplets** that travel more than 1 meter in airborne transmission.

Answer 45

Aerosols

Question 46

This result from drinking sewage-contaminated water or from ingesting fecal contaminants.

Answer 46

Fecal-Oral Infection

Question 47

the spread of pathogens via **blood, urine, saliva,** or other fluids.

Answer 47

Bodily Fluid Transmission

Question 48

transmit pathogens between hosts.

Answer 48

Vectors

Question 49

This Vector are animals, usually *biting arthropods*, that **serve as both host and vector** of pathogens

Answer 49

Biological Vectors

Question 50

This vector are **not hosts to the pathogens** they carry.

Answer 50

Mechanical Vectors

Question 51

There are various ways in which infectious disease may be grouped and studied.True or False

Answer 51

True

Question 52

When grouped by time course and sever- ity, disease may be described as?

Answer 52

Acute Subacute Chronic Latent

Question 53

When an infectious disease comes either **directly or indirectly** from another host, it is considered a

Answer 53

Communicable disease

Question 54

If a communicable disease is **easily transmitted** from a reservoir or patient, it is called a?

Answer 54

Contagious disease

Question 55

This disease arise either from **outside of hosts or from members of the microbiome.**

Answer 55

Noncommunicable disease

Question 56

the study of where and *when diseases occur and of how they are transmitted within populations.*

Answer 56

Epidemiology

Question 57

Epidemiologists track what of a disease?

Answer 57

Incidence (number of new cases) Prevalence (total number of cases)

Question 58

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as **usually present.**

Answer 58

Endemic

Question 59

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as **occasional**

Answer 59

Sporadic

Question 60

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as **more cases than usual**.

Answer 60

Epidemic

Question 61

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as **epidemic on more than one continent**

Answer 61

Pandemic

Question 62

It is the careful **recording of data** concerning a disease

Answer 62

Descriptive epidemiology

Question 63

the **first case** of the disease in a given area or population.

Answer 63

Index Case

Question 64

seeks to **determine the probable cause** of a disease.

Answer 64

Analytical Epidemiology

Question 65

involves **testing a hypothesis** resulting from analytical studies.

Answer 65

Experimental Epidemiology

Question 66

These are acquired by patients or workers in health care facilities.

Answer 66

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) (nosocomial infections) healthcare-associated diseases (nosocomial diseases)

Question 67

It is acquired from the health care environment.

Answer 67

Exogenous HAI’s

Question 68

they are derived from the normal microbiome that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting

Answer 68

Endogenous HAI’s

Question 69

These infections are *induced by treatment or medical procedures*.

Answer 69

Iatrogenic infections

Question 70

Public health organizations, such as the World Health Organiza- tion (WHO), *use epidemiological data to promulgate rules and standards* for clean, potable water and safe food; to prevent disease by **controlling vectors and animal reservoirs**; and to *educate people to make healthy choices concerning the prevention of disease.* True or False

Answer 70

True