Chap. 14 Principles of Evolution: Darwin

Question 1

Competition

Answer 1

A (not-so-friendly) interaction between organisms when they fight for resources like food, water, and shelter.

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

Changes/mutations in an organism that helps it survive in new conditions.

Question 3

Fitness

Answer 3

An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 4

Natural selection

Answer 4

Darwin’s theory of how populations evolve & change. Organisms who more adapt to environment likely to survive/reproduce.

Question 5

Coevolution

Answer 5

Evolution between pair/group of species as they interact. (Bee evolve with flower)

Question 6

Predation

Answer 6

Animals eating other animals.

Question 7

Georges Buffon

Answer 7

Believed species change over time, coined technique of comparing similar structures among different species. (comparative anatomy/biogeography)Made “Lost species” idea, Darwin studied, and related to fossils.

Question 8

James Hutton

Answer 8

Developed Uniformitarianism, Inspired Darwin so much Uniformitarianism was in “Origin of Species”

Question 9

Uniformitarianism

Answer 9

Earth’s mountains and oceans formed after a long period of gradual processes.

Question 10

Catastrophism

Answer 10

Changes in the Earth’s landscape usually result from sudden violent & unusual events.

Question 11

Georges Cuvier

Answer 11

Developed Catastrophism. His research in fossils produced knowledge that supported Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Question 12

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 12

Formulated a theory of evolution that was almost identical to Darwin’s. This convinced Darwin to publish “Origin of Species”

Question 13

Lamarck’s theory of evolution

Answer 13

Theory of acquired characteristics: If organism changes, those changes are given to offspring. Disproved by Weismann: Cut off mice’s tails - those mice’s children still had tails.

Question 14

Evidences For evolution

Answer 14

fossils, homologous, vestigial, analogous structures, DNA, embryology

Question 15

Fossils

Answer 15

Remains of animals who lived in a certain location

Question 16

Homologous Structures

Answer 16

A pair of structures that have similar structure/function, maybe from same ancestor

Question 17

Vestigial Structures

Answer 17

Body parts that lose their purpose as an organism evolves

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

Deoxyribonucleic acid: Genetic material for life on Earth

Question 19

Embryology

Answer 19

The study of embryos and how they have a common ancestor because every organism looks similar in the womb

Question 20

Darwin’s 5 postulates

Answer 20

1. There are variations in individuals of a population.
2. Some variations are favorable
3. In populations, some individuals survive and reproduce successfully. (More birthed then survived)
4. Individuals with favorable traits survive longest and reproduce most.
5. A population will change over time.

Question 21

Artificial Selection

Answer 21

Humans selectively breed some organisms with others, to get organisms with traits they want