CHAP 2

Question 1

What are the states of matter and define them?

Answer 1

Solid - definite shape and volume
Liquid - definite volume, changeable shape
Gas - changeable shape and volume

Question 2

What is energy? Define two

Answer 2

Capacity to do work/put matter into motion

Types: Kinetic - Energy in action
Potential - stored (inactive) energy

Question 3

Chemical energy

Answer 3

Stored in binds of chemical substances (ATP)

Question 4

Electrical energy

Answer 4

results from movement of charged particles (action potential)

Question 5

Mechanical energy

Answer 5

directly involved in moving matter (mm)

Question 6

Radiant/electromagnetic energy

Answer 6

exhibits wavelike properties (visible light/UV/and X-rays)

Question 7

Atom

Answer 7

smallest stable unit of matter

Question 8

Protons

Answer 8

have a positive electrical charge

Question 9

Neutrons

Answer 9

electrically neutral which means they are uncharged

Question 10

electrons

Answer 10

much smaller and bear negative electrical charge

Question 11

Atomic number

Answer 11

number of protons

Question 12

Mass number

Answer 12

total number of protons and neutrons

Question 13

Element

Answer 13

pure substance containing only atoms of the same atomic number

Question 14

Isotopes

Answer 14

atoms of a single element with differing numbers of neutrons

Question 15

What are the major elements in the body?

Answer 15

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 16

Element

Answer 16

substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means; pure substance containing atoms of the same atomic number

Question 17

Radioisotopes

Answer 17

For biological research and medicine (nuclear medicine - PET scans, contrast MRI)
Causes damage to living tissues:
Useful against localized cancers

Question 18

Molecule

Answer 18

two or more atoms bonded together (water)

Question 19

Compound

Answer 19

two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together (glucose)

Question 20

What are the 3 types of mixtures? Define them

Answer 20

Solutions: homogenous, transparent
- solvent: present in greatest amt (liquid)
- solute: present in smaller amts
Colloids: heterogenous translucent
- large solute particles DONT settle out
- sol gel
- scatter light
Suspensions: heterogenous translucent
- large visible solutes tend to SETTLE out

Question 21

What are mixtures?

Answer 21

No chemical bonding, can be separated physically, and heterogenous/homogenous

Question 22

What are compound?

Answer 22

Separated only by breaking bonds, all homogenous

Question 23

What are the types of chemical bonds? Define them.

Answer 23

Ionic - electrons transfer from one atom to another
Covalent - electrons are shared
Hydrogen - weaker bonds, more like attractions

Question 24

What are the two types of ionic bonds?

Answer 24

Anions: negative charge and GAINS electrons
Cations: positive charge and LOST electrons

Question 25

What is covalent bonds?

Answer 25

Formed by sharing two/more valence shell electrons

Question 26

Single covalent Double covalent

Answer 26

Single: formation of 4 SINGLE covalent bonds (CH4) Double: two oxygen shares two electron pairs (O2)

Question 27

Hydrogen bond

Answer 27

Electro positive hydrogen of one and electronegative of another (water - cohesive) pos end of water aligned with neg end of another water

Question 28

Chemical reactions and 3 types of it

Answer 28

When chemical bonds are formed/rearranged/broken Synthesis (combination) decomposition exchange

Question 29

Synthesis reaction

Answer 29

combination reaction that always involve BOND FORMATION Anabolic (building up) smaller particles bond to form larger molecules A+B-> AB

Question 30

Decomposition reaction

Answer 30

Reverse synthesis reactions involve breaking of bonds catabolic (downward) larger breaks down into smaller AB -> A+B

Question 31

Exchange reactions

Answer 31

displacement reactions where bonds are BOTH made/broken AB+C->AC+B

Question 32

Inorganic compounds

Answer 32

Water, salts, acids and bases DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON

Question 33

Organic compound

Answer 33

Carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acid CONTAIN CARBON usually large and covalently bond

Question 34

What is water and its 5 properties?

Answer 34

60-80 percent of living cells inorganic compound 1. High heat capacity: absorbs and releases heat with little temp change and prevents suddenly changes in temp 2. High heat of vaporization: evaporation needs large amts of heat and useful for cooling mechanism 3. Polar solvent properties: universal solvent, dissolves and dissociates ionic substances, form hydration layers around charged molecules and body’s major transport medium 4. Reactivity: necessary for hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reaction 5. Cushioning: protects certain organs from physical trauma

Question 35

What are salts?

Answer 35

INORGANIC Ionic compounds dissociate in water Contains cations and anions electrolytes that conduct electrical currents Ions that play roles in body function (sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron)

Question 36

Acids and bases

Answer 36

Both are electrolytes Acids: proton donors and release H+ - contains H+ and increase it increases acidity Bases: proton acceptors and take up H+ - alkaline base and decrease H+ will increase alkalinity

Question 37

what are organic compounds

Answer 37

many are polymers which are chains of similar units synthesized by dehydration synthesis broken down by hydrolysis reactions

Question 38

carbohydrates and theirs 3 classes and what elements they contain

Answer 38

sugars and starches contains C H O 3 classes monosaccharides: simple sugars - glucose disaccharides - double sugars - sucrose polysaccharides - polymers of sugars - glycogen

Question 39

what are carbohydrates

Answer 39

functions ad major source of cellular fuel and structural molecules stores glucose in liver and MM as glycogen

Question 40

what are lipids

Answer 40

contains C H O and sometimes P insoluble in water main types 1. triglycerides - energy, protection, insulation 2. phospholipids - cell membrane 3. steroids - cholesterol and hormones 4. eicosanoids - local hormones

Question 41

fatty acids

Answer 41

saturated have single bonds and max number of H with solid animal fats unsaturated have one/more double bonds and reduced H like plant oils

Question 42

proteins

Answer 42

all cell functions performed by proteins most abundant ORGANIC functions: body support, metabolic regulation, movement, coordination, transport, defense, buffering polymers of aa (20 types) joined by peptide bonds

Question 43

dehydration synthesis

Answer 43

acid group of a amino acid bonded to amine group of next with LOSS of water

Question 44

hydrolysis

Answer 44

peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when WATER ADDS

Question 45

what are fibrous proteins

Answer 45

STRUCTURAL strand like, water insoluble; stable keratin, collagen, contractile fibers

Question 46

what are globular proteins

Answer 46

FUNCTIONAL compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes antibodies, hormones, enzymes

Question 47

nucleic acids and what is the building blocks?

Answer 47

DNA, RNA building block = nucleotide, N containing base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

Question 48

DNA - the bases and what is it?

Answer 48

4 bases: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine double stranded instructions for protein synthesis replicates before cell division ensuring genetic community

Question 49

RNA - bases and the 3 types of RNA and what is it?

Answer 49

4 bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil single stranded molecule active outside nucleus 3 varieties of RNA carry out DNA orders for protein synthesis: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA