Chap 2 - chemistry

Question 0

Electrical Energy

Answer 0

Energy that results from the movement of charged particles

Question 1

Chemical Energy

Answer 1

Energy that is stored in bonds of chemical substances.

Question 2

Mechanical Energy

Answer 2

Energy that is directly involved in moving matter.

Question 3

Radiant energy

Answer 3

Energy that travels in waves

Question 4

Element

Answer 4

A unique substance that constitutes the building blocks of matter and thy cannot be broken down I to simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.

Question 5

How does Calcium (Ca) function in the body?

Answer 5

Found as a salt in bones and teeth

Question 6

How does Potassium (K) function in the body?

Answer 6

The major intracellular cation.

Essential for the conduction of nerve impulses and for muscle contraction.

Question 7

How does Sodium (Na) function in the body?

Answer 7

The major extracellular cation.

Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

Question 8

How does Iodine (I) function in the body?

Answer 8

Needed to make functional thyroid hormones

Question 9

How does Iron (Fe) function in the body?

Answer 9

A component of the hemoglobin molecule that is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells.

Question 10

Atomic mass number

Answer 10

Number of neutrons + protons of an atom.

This number is indicated on the periodic table below the symbol for each element.

Question 11

Atomic Number

Answer 11

Number of protons (electrons) in an atom.

Question 12

Isotope

Answer 12

have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number if neutrons they contain.

Same atomic number but different atomic masses

Question 13

Radioisotopes

Answer 13

Heavier isotopes decompose to become more stable. This process of spontaneous atomic decay is radioactivity.

Radioactive decay involved the ejection of particles or energy from the atoms nucleus and are damaging to living cells.

Question 14

Why are radioisotopes used in medicine?

Answer 14

Used in minute amounts to tag biological molecules so they can be followed through the body for medical diagnosis and treatment.

Question 15

Identify inert gases and explain their significance.

Answer 15

Group VIIIA contains inert gases, which are He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

All the elements in this group have atoms whose outermost shells are filled, making them all inert, chemically unreactive, or stable

Question 16

Stable atom

Answer 16

An atom whose outermost shell contains the maximum number of electrons it can hold

Question 17

Unstable atom

Answer 17

Av atom whose outermost shell does not contain the maximum number of electrons it can hold.

All atoms, except group VIIIA, are unstable!

Question 18

Ionization

Answer 18

Electron transfer; the forces of attraction between ions in the compound are called ionic bonds and compounds are called electrovalent or ionic compounds.

Question 19

Cation

Answer 19

A positively charged ion

Question 20

Anion

Answer 20

A negatively charged ion

Question 21

Covalent reactions

Answer 21

Electrons do not have to be completely lost or gained to become stable. They share in such a way that their valence shell is filled at lest part of the time.

Question 22

Synthesis

Answer 22

Two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger more complex molecule

Growth, repair of worn out or damaged tissues, formation of protein by joining of amino acids into long chains

Question 23

Decomposition

Answer 23

A molecules broken down into smaller molecules, atoms or ions

Digestion of foods into their building blocks, the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose when blood sugar levels start to decline

Question 24

Exchange

Answer 24

Involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions. A switches made bewt molecule parts and different molecules are made. Occurs when ATP reacts with glucose and transfers it's end phosphate group to glucose, forming glucose-phosphate. At the same time, the ATP becomes ADP.

Question 25

Organic compound

Answer 25

Compound that contains carbon-hydrogen bonding Carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acid

Question 26

Inorganic compound

Answer 26

Compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonding Water, salts, and many acids and bases

Question 27

Properties of water

Answer 27

``` High heat capacity Excellent solvent Hydrolysis reactions - water is added to bonds of larger molecules Protective function Base for all body lubricants ```

Question 28

Electrolyte

Answer 28

Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution (because they contain ions) Acids, bases, and salts- any compound formed in electron transfer reactions

Question 29

Non-electrolytes

Answer 29

Substances that do not conduct an electrical current in solution (because they do not contain ions) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids -any compounds formed in electron sharing reactions

Question 30

Acid

Answer 30

Release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. pH 0-6.9 Strong acid- acids that ionize completely, producing large quantities of hydrogen ions. pH 0-5 Weak acid- acids that ionize incompletely, producing limited numbers of hydrogen ions. pH 5.1-6.9

Question 31

Bases

Answer 31

Accept hydrogen ions when dissolved in water; often release hydroxyl ions when dissolved. pH 7.1-14 Strong bases - releases the OH or hydroxyl ion when dissolved in water. pH 9-14 Weak bases- do not contain the OH or hydroxyl ion but produce a limited seeker of hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water. pH 7.1-8.9

Question 32

Salts

Answer 32

Produce ions other than hydrogen or hydroxyl when dissolved in water

Question 33

Carbohydrates (polymers)

Answer 33

Organic compound Contain C, H, and O. And the ration of H:O is 2:1 Monosaccharides and the building blocks They provide energy Monosaccharides > disaccharides > polysaccharides

Question 34

Lipids

Answer 34

Contain C, H, and O but the ratio of H:O is much greater than 2:1 Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids

Question 35

Proteins (polymers)

Answer 35

Contain C, H, and O, N and sometimes S Amino acids (monomers) are building blocks To build tissue and to act as enzymes Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

Question 36

Nucleic acids (polymers)

Answer 36

Contains C, O, H, N, and P Nucleotides (monomer) Makes up hereditary material and it's responsible for protein synthesis DNA and RNA

Question 37

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 37

A more complex molecule is formed from two simpler ones and a water molecule is lost as each bond forms. When a polysaccharide is formed from several monosaccharides

Question 38

Hydrolysis

Answer 38

Breakdown of a more complex molecule into its building blocks; a water molecule is added to each bond, the bond is broken and simpler molecules are formed. In the process water is split into an H and an OH