Chap 2 Quiz

Question 1

Symbiosis

Answer 1

close, long-term interaction between 2 species in an ecosystem

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

symbiotic relationship between 2 species in an ecosystem; EX: clownfish and sea anemones

Question 3

Parasitism

Answer 3

relationship where one organism (parasite) lives on/inside another (host); parasite receives benefit while host is harmed; EX: fleas/ticks + mammals

Question 4

Commensalism

Answer 4

1 species receives a benefit and other species is unaffected by interaction; EX: owls in hollows of trees

Question 5

Ammensalism

Answer 5

1 organism inhibited/destroyed while other remains unaffected (competition); EX: bread mold creates penicillium which kills bacteria; cows trample grass but remain unaffected

Question 6

Competition

Answer 6

results when individuals from diff species OR w/in same species struggle to obtain same limiting resource

Question 7

Intraspecific Competition

Answer 7

competition w/in single(same) species; individuals fight for same resources that all members of species need to survive

Question 8

Interspecific Competition

Answer 8

competition between different species; occurs when species must fight over shared, limiting resource

Question 9

Resource Partitioning

Answer 9

occurs when species use limiting resources in diff ways, places, or @ diff times, in an attempt to reduce competition

Question 10

Limiting Factors

Answer 10

Anything that constrains a population’s size and slows or stops it from growing; can be biotic or abiotic; EX: sunlight, trophic cascade, diseases, invasive species, pollution, hunting, temp, climate, soil type, precipitation

Question 11

Carrying Capacity

Answer 11

maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for long term; affected by limiting factors

Question 12

When a population nears carrying capacity

Answer 12

resources become limited

Question 13

When population exceeds carrying capacity

Answer 13

deaths outnumber births

Question 14

Anthropogenic

Answer 14

caused/produced by human activities; EX: fossil fuel burning/CO2 emissions

Question 15

epiphytes

Answer 15

plants that grow on other trees/plants and take nutrients from the air or precipitation

Question 16

permafrost

Answer 16

frozen soil of the Tundra; frozen top layer all year

Question 17

deciduous

Answer 17

shedding its leaves annually; deciduous forests have 4 seasons

Question 18

allelopathy

Answer 18

ability for plant to affect the pH of soil & nutrient makeup w/in soil; plants use this when competing w/ others in order to receive more nutrients from soil

Question 19

Steppes

Answer 19

large area of flat unforested grassland; short grasses (less rain)

Question 20

Nekton

Answer 20

swimming consumers like fish, turtles, whales, etc

Question 21

Benthos

Answer 21

bottom-dwellers; organisms that: anchor themselves to ocean-bottom structures (oysters/sea stars), burrow in sand/mud (clams/worms), or walk on seafloor (lobsters/crabs)

Question 22

Lotic

Answer 22

flowing water systems; EX: streams, rivers, tributaries

Question 23

Lentic

Answer 23

standing water systems; EX: lakes, ponds, inland wetlands

Question 24

Plankton

Answer 24

organisms found in freshwater/saltwater life zones; include: phytoplankton, ultraplankton, and zooplankton

Question 25

4 zones of lake

Answer 25

Littoral, Limnetic, Profundal, Benthic

Question 26

Littoral Zone

Answer 26

near shore, shallow, rooted plants (1st/top layer)

Question 26

Littoral Zone

Answer 26

near shore, shallow, rooted plants (1st/top layer)

Question 27

Limnetic Zone

Answer 27

open, offshore area, sunlit, main photosynthetic zone (2nd layer)

Question 28

Profundal Zone

Answer 28

deep open water, too dark for photosynthesis (3rd layer)

Question 29

Benthic Zone

Answer 29

bottom of lake, nourished by dead matter, decomposers (4th/bottom layer)

Question 30

Thermocline

Answer 30

middle layer in lake that acts as a barrier to the transfer of nutrients and DO

Question 31

headwater

Answer 31

narrow zone of cold/clean water that rushes over waterfalls/rapids

Question 32

downstream

Answer 32

warmer temps (less DO); slow-moving water (algae, more decomp)

Question 33

Density Dependent Factors

Answer 33

Factors that impact a species population as a population increases/decreases. Includes: competition, disease, predation, food, migration

Question 34

Density Independent Factors

Answer 34

Limiting factor that affects the size of a population regardless of the density of the population. Includes: natural disasters, human activity, pollution, climate extremes

Question 35

Oligotrophic

Answer 35

Lentic aquatic life zone (lake, pond) w/ low primary productivity due to low quantity of nutrients. DO is found deep at the bottom

Question 36

Eutrophic

Answer 36

Lentic aquatic life zone (lake, pond) rich in nutrients and supports a dense plant population. Decomposition of plants uses up a lot of oxygen thus killing animal life.

Question 37

Cultural eutrophication

Answer 37

occurs when human water pollution speeds up the aging process by introducing sewage, detergents, fertilizers, and other nutrient sources into the ecosystem

Question 38

Hypoxia

Answer 38

refers to when aquatic life zones have low/depleted oxygen levels (associated w/ eutrophication)

Question 39

NPP

Answer 39

amount of energy (biomass) leftover for consumers after plants have used some for nitrogen

Question 40

GPP

Answer 40

total amount of solar energy plants capture and convert to energy through photosynthesis

Question 41

Respiration rate (RL)

Answer 41

energy used by plants by doing cell respiration, to provide their own cells w/ energy

Question 42

calculating NPP

Answer 42

NPP = GPP - RL

Question 43

Photosynthesis equation

Answer 43

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 carbon dioxide + water yields glucose + oxygen

Question 44

Cellular respiration equation

Answer 44

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + ATP